BOTANY Archives -

Molecular Biology

afroze.eqbal999 / February 4, 2025 / BIOLOGY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY

Molecular Biology Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA): DNA chemistry, nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotide chain, Watson and Crick DNA double […]

molecular biology

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Botany Notes

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Botany Notes You are most Welcome in Botany Notes (you can change the language Top Right or Below

**Agroecology**, **Angiosperm Families**, **Biogeography**, **Biomes**, **Cellulose**, **Chloroplast DNA**, **Cotyledons**, **Dicots**, **DNA Barcoding**, **Ecosystems**, **Endosperm**, **Ethnobotany**, **Ethylene**, **Flower Structure**, **Gibberellins**, **Hydrotropism**, **Meristems**, **Microsatellites**, **Mineral Nutrition**, **Molecular Markers**, **Molecular Phylogeny**, **Monocots**, **Oxygen Cycle**, **Pest Management**, **Pharmacognosy**, **Phloem Sieve Tubes**, **Photoperiodism**, **Plant Communities**, **Plant Evolutionary Trends**, **Plant Hybridization**, **Plant Science**, **Plant Systematics**, **Plant Taxonomy**, **Pollen Analysis**, **Pollination**, **Pteridophytes**, **Soil Science**, **Stomata**, **Sustainable Agriculture**. These keywords cover a wide range of important concepts and topics within **Botany**, **Symbiosis**, **Thigmotropism**, **Tropisms**, **Vegetation Types**, **Xylem Vessels**, Abscisic Acid, Algae, and ecology., angiosperms, Auxins, Botany Notes, Bryophytes, Carbon Cycle, cell wall, Chlorophyll, chloroplasts, Climate change, conservation biology, cultural practices, Cytokinins, Ecological Succession, fertilization, fossils, fruit development, function, genetic engineering, germination, Gravitropism, growth, gymnosperms, including the study of plant structure, Invasive Species, mycorrhizae, Nitrogen Cycle, nitrogen fixation, paleobotany, phloem, Phosphorus Cycle, Photosynthesis, Phototropism, Plant Adaptations, Plant Anatomy, Plant Biotechnology., plant breeding, Plant Development, plant diseases, Plant Ecology, plant evolution, plant fossils, plant genetics, Plant Growth Regulators, Plant Hormones, plant morphology, plant pathology, plant physiology, plant reproduction, polyploidy, reproduction, Respiration, seed development, Seed Dormancy, tracheids, Transpiration, vascular tissue, Water Transport, xylem

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Plant Physiology Elementary Morphogenesis and Biochemistry

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Plant Physiology ,Elementary Morphogenesis and Biochemistry UNIT I: Plant Physiology, Elementary Morphogenesis, and Biochemistry 1. Cell Physiology, Diffusion, Permeability, Plasmolysis,

Abscisic Acid, Active Absorption, Ascent of Sap, ATP, Auxins, biochemical pathways, Biochemical Processes, Calvin Cycle, CAM Plants, carbohydrates, cell division, Cell Elongation, Cell Physiology, Chemiosmotic Theory, Chlorophyll, chloroplasts, Cyclic Photophosphorylation, Cytokinins, Differentiation, Diffusion, electron transport chain, Endosperm Development, Energy Flow in Plants, Environmental Stress Responses, Enzyme Activation, fermentation, glycolysis, Gravitropism, Growth Regulators, Guttation, Guttation Mechanism, Hydrophytic Adaptations, Imbibition, Krebs Cycle, Leaf Anatomy, Macro Nutrients, metabolism, Micro Nutrients, Micronutrient Deficiencies, Mineral Deficiency, Morphogenesis, nitrogen fixation, Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation, Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms, Nutrient Uptake, Osmosis, Osmotic Potential, oxidative phosphorylation, Passive Absorption, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Permeability, phloem, Photophosphorylation, Photosynthesis, Photosystem I, Photosystem II, Phototropism, Plant Biotechnology., Plant Cell Structure, plant growth, Plant Growth Regulators, Plant Hormones, Plant Movements, plant physiology, Plasmolysis, Polarity, Pressure Flow Hypothesis, Primary Metabolism, Primary Pigments, proteins, Redox Potential, Respiration, Respiratory Pathways, Sand Culture, secondary metabolites, Sieve Tubes, soil nutrients, Starch Synthesis, Stomatal Opening, Stomatal Regulation, Totipotency, Translocation, Transpiration, Transpiration Rate, Turgor Pressure, Two-Photosystem Concept, Water Culture, Water Potential, Water Transport, Xerophytic Adaptations, Xylem Anatomy

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BOTANY

Cytology and Genetics

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Cytology and Genetics Cytology and Genetics – Notes UNIT I: Cell Structure & Genetics 1. Cell Structure: Prokaryotic and

alleles, autosomal traits, cell cycle, cell membrane, cell organelles, cell wall, cellular homeostasis, cellular respiration, chloroplasts, chromatin, chromosomal abnormalities, color blindness, crossing over, Cytology and Genetics, Cytology: cell structure, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic inheritance, DNA, DNA replication, dominant genes, endoplasmic reticulum, epistasis, eukaryotic cells, fluid mosaic model, gene expression, gene interaction, gene therapy., genes, genetic code, genetic disorders, genetic engineering, genetic material. Genetics: Mendelian inheritance, genetic recombination, genetic variation, genotype, Golgi apparatus, hemophilia, heterozygous, homozygous, incomplete dominance, independent assortment, inheritance patterns, linkage, lysosomes, meiosis, membrane proteins, mitochondria, mitosis, mutation, mutations, nuclear membrane, nucleolus, nucleus, phenotype, phospholipid bilayer, plasma membrane, polygenic inheritance, prokaryotic cells, recessive genes, ribosomes, RNA, sex-linked inheritance, SRY gene, vacuoles, X-linked traits

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BOTANY

Anatomy and Embryology

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Anatomy and Embryology UNIT-1: Plant Anatomy Techniques and Tissue Study 8 Lectures Techniques for the Study of Plant Anatomy

Angiosperm Fertilization, Angiosperm Reproduction, Apical Meristem, apomixis, Botany, cell division, Cork Cambium, Cotyledon, Dicot Seed, dormancy, double fertilization, embryo development, Embryo Development in Dicot, Embryo Formation, embryo sac, Endosperm Types, environmental factors, fertilization, Fertilization Mechanisms, Floral Anatomy, Gametophyte Development, Germination Factors, Germination Process, Leaf Anatomy, megasporogenesis, Meristematic Tissue, Microsporogenesis, Monocot Seed, Monocot vs Dicot, Organic Transport, Ovule Structure, Permanent Tissues, phloem, Phloem Transport, Plant Anatomy, plant biology, Plant Development, Plant Embryology, plant growth, Plant Growth Regulation., Plant Hormones, plant morphology, plant physiology, Plant Tissues, Pollen Grain, Pollination Mechanisms, polyembryony, Primary Meristem, Root Anatomy, Secondary Growth, Secondary Meristem, Secretory Structures, seed development, Seed Dormancy, Seed Germination, Stem Anatomy, Tissue Differentiation, Transpiration, Vascular Bundles, Vascular Cambium, Vascular Growth, vascular tissue, Vascular Tissue Organization, Vegetative Growth, Water Conduction, xylem, Xylem Transport

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BOTANY

Pteridophyta Gymnosperm and Elementary Palacobotany

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

UNIT-I: Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Elementary Palacobotany 1. General Characters of Pteridophytes and Classification by Sporne Pteridophytes are vascular plants that

alternation of generations, ancient ecosystems, ancient plant life, body fossils, club mosses, conifers, cycads, ephedra, evolutionary evidence, evolutionary trends, exposed seeds, extinct species, female cones, ferns, fertilization, fossil evidence, fossil preservation, fossil record, fossil types, fossilization, fossilized remains, fronds, gametophytes, Geological Processes, ginkgo, gymnosperm classification, heterosporous, homosporous, horsetails, living fossils, male cones, molecular fossils, naked seeds, needle-like leaves, non-flowering plants, non-motile sperm, paleobotanical studies, phloem, photosynthetic, pine cones, plant adaptation, plant classification. Gymnosperms: Gymnosperms, plant evolution, plant fossils, plant history, plant reproduction, pollen, Pteridophyta Gymnosperm and Elementary Palacobotany, Pteridophytes: Pteridophytes, reproduction, reproductive structures, sedimentary rocks, seed development, seed plants, seedless plants. Elementary Palacobotany: Paleobotany, sporangia, spore-producing organs, spores, sporophytes, trace fossils, tracheids, vascular plants, vascular system, vascular tissue, water fertilization, xylem

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BOTANY

Algae and Bryophytes

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Algae and Bryophytes Unit-I: Algae (12 Lectures) 1. General Characteristics of Algae Definition: Algae are simple, autotrophic organisms capable of

Agar, Algae, Algae and Bryophytes, Algae as food, Algae in agriculture, Algae in industry, Algal biotechnology, Algal biotechnology applications., Algal blooms, Algal culture, Algal diversity, Algal pigments, Algal toxins, Anthoceros, Aquatic ecosystems, Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis, Bacillariophyceae, biofertilizers, Biofuel production from algae, Brown algae, Bryophyte morphology, Bryophytes, Carrageenan, Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyll, Classification of algae, cyanobacteria, Ecological significance, Ecological sustainability, Economic importance of algae, Eutrophication, Fertilization in bryophytes, Freshwater algae, Funaria, Gametophyte, Green algae, Green roofs, hornworts, liverworts, Marchantia, Marine algae, mosses, nitrogen fixation, Nitrogen-fixing algae, Nitrogenase enzyme, Phaeophyceae, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic bacteria, Red algae, Reproduction in algae, Rhodophyceae, Seaweed, sexual reproduction, soil fertility, Sphagnum moss, Sporogenesis, sporophyte, Symbiotic relationships, terrestrial plants, Thalloid structure, Thallus, Vegetative reproduction, Wetland plants

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BOTANY

Fungi Elementary Plant Pathology and Lichens

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Fungi Elementary Plant Pathology and Lichens UNIT-I: Fungi and Plant Pathology Total: 14 Lectures 1. Brief History and

air quality indicators, Alexopoulos and Mims, alternaria, Ascomycota, ascospores, Basidiomycota, basidiospores, Biodiversity, bioindicators, biological control, biotechnology in fungi, chemical control, Chytridiomycota, conidia, crustose lichens, cultural practices, disease management, economic importance of lichens, foliose lichens, fruticose lichens, fungal classification, fungal diseases control., fungal infection, fungal pathogens, Fungi, Fungi Elementary Plant Pathology and Lichens, fungicide, genetic resistance, Glomeromycota, induced resistance, industrial use of fungi, lichen ecology, lichen morphology, lichen physiology, lichen structure, lichen types, mucor, mycology, mycorrhiza, nitrogen fixation, pathogen lifecycle, pathogen resistance, plant diseases, plant pathogens, plant resistance mechanisms, potato wart disease, puccinia, reproduction in fungi, rust diseases, saccharomyces, Soil Formation, soil health, sporangia, spores, sugarcane red rot, symbiosis in lichens, symptoms of plant diseases, tolerance in plants, wheat diseases, Zygomycota, zygospores

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Plant Breeding and Biostatistics

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Plant Breeding and Biostatistics UNIT-I: Plant Breeding and Crop Improvement 1. Plant Breeding: Aims and Objectives Definition: Plant breeding is

acclimatization, agricultural biotechnology, agricultural statistics, agronomy., artificial seeds, biostatistics, biotechnological tools, breeding programs, central tendency, Chi-Square test, Climate Adaptation, coefficient of correlation, correlation analysis, crop breeding techniques, crop improvement, crop management, crop productivity, crop selection, disease resistance, disease resistance breeding, food security, genetic diversity, genetic markers, genetic resources, genetic variation, germination, hybridization, improved seeds, mean, measures of dispersion, median, mode, molecular breeding, mutation breeding, Plant Breeding and Biostatistics, Plant Breeding and Biostatistics: plant breeding, plant breeding methods, plant breeding strategies, plant genetics, plant introduction, plant selection, Plant tissue culture, protoplasts, purity, range, seed certification, seed multiplication, seed production, seed quality, seed testing, seed testing laboratories, selection techniques, standard deviation, statistical analysis, statistical data representation, statistical methods, statistical modeling, statistical significance, statistical tests, statistical tools, Sustainable Agriculture, yield improvement

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BOTANY

Applied Microbiology and plant pathology

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Applied Microbiology and plant pathology Unit I: Fermentation Technology and Microbial Metabolites Scope and Prospects of Fermentation Technology Fermentation

activated sludge, agricultural biotechnology, amylases, anaerobic treatment, antibiotics, Applied Microbiology and plant pathology, bacterial biopesticides, bacterial diseases, beer production, biogas production, biological control, biological control agents, biopesticides, bioremediation, cheese, chemical control, citric acid, Colletotrichum spp., commercial applications, composting, crop rotation, disease management strategies, disease resistance, downy mildew, edible mushrooms, Environmental Sustainability, enzyme production, Fermentation technology, fermented beverages, fermented dairy products, fungal biopesticides, fungal diseases, fungicide application, Fusarium oxysporum, glutamic acid, integrated pest management (IPM), landfilling, Magnaporthe oryzae, Melampsora lini, microbial metabolites, milk microbiology, organic acids, oxidation pond, plant disease etiology, plant disease management, plant disease symptoms, plant pathogens, plant pathogens control, plant pathology, primary metabolites, proteases, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, renin, rice blast, rust of linseed, secondary metabolites, single-cell proteins (SCP), soil-borne diseases, solid waste treatment, Streptomycin, Sustainable Agriculture, trickling filter, turmeric leaf spot, viral biopesticides, viral diseases, vitamin B12, wastewater treatment, wilt of arhar, wine production, yogurt

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BOTANY

Cytogenetics and Crop improvement

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Cytogenetics and Crop improvement Unit I: Haploidy, Aneuploidy, Polyploidy, and Chromosome Banding Patterns 1. Haploidy Origin: Haploidy refers to

aneuploidy, backcrossing, chromosome banding, classical breeding methods, crop improvement, crop resilience., crop yield, Cytogenetics, Cytogenetics and Crop improvement, cytoplasmic inheritance, disease resistance, DNA methylation, drought resistance, environmental stress, epigenetics, epigenome, epigenomics, F1 hybrids, gene expression, gene transfer, genetic diversity, genetic mapping, genetic modification, genetic variation, haploidy, heterosis, heterosis breeding, histone code, hybrid crops, hybrid vigor, hybridization, induced mutations, karyotype evolution, Lamarckism, maternal effect, modern breeding techniques, mutagenesis, mutation, paramutation, plant adaptation, plant breeding, plant genetics, polyploidy, protoplast fusion, retrotransposons, seed production, site-directed mutagenesis, somatic hybridization, speciation, spontaneous mutations, terminator gene technology, transposition, transposons

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BOTANY

Plant Ecology and Environmental Biology

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Plant Ecology and Environmental Biology Sure, here are detailed and plagiarism-free notes for each unit of your Plant Ecology

air pollution, Biodiversity, biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity Hotspots, Biogeochemical Cycles, Carbon Footprint, Carbon Sequestration., climate action, Climate Adaptation, Climate change, Community Ecology, conservation biology, Conservation Strategies, ecological balance, Ecological Pyramids, Ecological Succession, ecosystem, Ecosystem Dynamics, Ecosystem Health, Ecosystem Services, Ecotourism, Environmental Awareness, Environmental Biology, Environmental Education, Environmental Ethics, environmental impact assessment, Environmental Justice, environmental laws, Environmental Policies, Environmental Protection, Forest Conservation, Forest Management, Global Warming, Green Technologies, Greenhouse Effect, greenhouse gas emissions, Habitat Destruction, Habitat Fragmentation, Habitat Restoration, International Environmental Agreements, Invasive Species, Marine Ecosystems., Natural Disasters, Natural Resources, Plant Adaptations, Plant Ecology, Plant Ecology and Environmental Biology, Pollution Control, Pollution Reduction, Population Ecology, Renewable Energy, Renewable Energy Sources, Renewable Resources, Soil Erosion, Soil Pollution, Succession, sustainability, Sustainable Agriculture, Tropical Forests, waste management, water pollution, water scarcity, wildlife conservation

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BOTANY

Recombinant DNA Technology

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Recombinant DNA Technology Unit-Wise Notes for Recombinant DNA Technology Unit I: rDNA Technology – Techniques Used 1. Gel

agricultural biotechnology, bioremediation, biosafety, biosafety regulations, biosecurity, biotechnology, biotechnology advancements., biotechnology applications, biotechnology ethics, biotechnology regulations, biotechnology research, biotechnology safety, cDNA library, cloning vectors, CRISPR, DNA fingerprinting, DNA ligase, DNA sequencing, Environmental Protection, ethical issues in biotechnology, expression vectors, forensic science, gene cloning, gene editing, gene expression, gene synthesis, gene therapy., gene transfer, genetic diversity, genetic engineering, genetic modification, genetically modified crops, genomic library, GM crop development, GMOs, ligation, molecular biology, molecular cloning, monoclonal antibodies, plasmid vectors, plasmids, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), recombinant DNA techniques, recombinant DNA technology, recombinant microbes, recombinant proteins, recombinant vaccines, restriction digestion, restriction enzymes, transgenic organisms

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Molecular Biology

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Molecular Biology Unit I: Organization of DNA 1. Nucleic Acids as Hereditary Material DNA and RNA are the carriers

antisense technology, base excision repair, biotechnology, chromatin remodeling, CRISPR-Cas9, DNA damage, DNA repair mechanisms, DNA replication, DNA sequencing, DNA structure, DNA-binding proteins, double helix, epigenetics, functional genomics., gene expression, gene regulation, genetic code, genetic engineering, genetic material, genome editing, helicase, homologous recombination, lac operon, molecular biology, molecular cloning, mRNA, mutations, nucleotide excision repair, nucleotides, operon model, PCR, post-translational modifications, protein synthesis, proteomics, ribosomes, RNA polymerase, RNA structure, rRNA, topoisomerase, transcription, translation, tRNA, trp operon

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BOTANY

Plant tissue culture, ethanobotany, biodiversity & biometry

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Plant tissue culture, ethanobotany, biodiversity & biometry Unit I: Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory Equipments: Essential tools

agricultural research, analysis of variance, Biodiversity, biodiversity & biometry, biological data, biological diversity, biological variation, Biometry, categorical variables, central tendency, Chi-Square test, conservation biology, correlation coefficient, data interpretation, ecological research, ecological studies, ecosystem analysis., environmental factors, ethanobotany, experimental data, F-test, genetic diversity, genetic studies, genetics, goodness of fit, hypothesis testing, independent samples T-test, mean, median, medical research, Mendelian inheritance, mode, paired sample T-test, plant biology, plant growth, Plant tissue culture, population genetics, population studies, research methods, scientific research, significance level, standard deviation, standard error, statistical analysis, statistical methods, statistical significance, T-test, test for independence, variability, variation

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BOTANY

Physiology & Biochemistry

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Physiology & Biochemistry Unit I: Osmotic Relations and Transport Phenomena in Plants 1. Osmotic Relations in Plants: Osmosis:

allosteric regulation, allosteric sites, amino acid metabolism, amino acid structure, amino acids, anabolism, anaerobic respiration, animal physiology, ATP, ATP production, ATP synthesis, base pairing, beta-oxidation, biochemical analysis, biochemical cycles, biochemical equilibrium, biochemical pathways, biochemical reactions, biochemical techniques, Biochemistry, bioenergetics, bioinformatics, biological functions, biomolecules, bioregulation, blood pressure, calcium signaling, cAMP, carbohydrates, catabolism, catalysis, catalytic efficiency, cell communication, Cell Signaling, cellular processes, cellular respiration, cellular response, chemical reactions, cholesterol, cholesterol synthesis, chromatin remodeling, chromatography, circadian rhythms, circulatory system, citric acid cycle, codons, coenzymes, cofactors, competitive inhibition, condensation reactions, dehydration synthesis, denaturation, digestive system, DNA, DNA replication, DNA sequencing, double helix, electron transport chain, electrophoresis, ELISA, endocrine disorders, endocrine signaling, endocrine system, energy balance, energy production, enzyme activity, enzyme assays, enzyme catalysis, enzyme classification, enzyme inhibition, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, enzyme structure, enzyme-substrate complex, enzyme-substrate interaction, enzymes, epigenetics, essential amino acids, excretory system, FADH2, fat metabolism disorders, fatty acids, feedback loops, feedback mechanisms, fermentation, fluid balance, folding, G-protein coupled receptors, gas chromatography, gene expression, gene expression regulation, gene mutation, gene regulation, gene therapy., genetic code, genetic disorders, genetic engineering, genetic mutations, genetic variation, genetics, glucagon, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, Homeostasis, hormonal control, hormonal regulation, hormone receptors, hormones, human physiology, hydration reactions, hydration status, hydrolysis, hypothalamus-pituitary axis, immunohistochemistry, inheritance patterns, insulin, internal environment regulation, intracellular signaling, ion balance, ion channels, ketogenesis, kidney function, Km, lipid metabolism, lipid oxidation, lipid synthesis, lipid transport, lipids, lipoproteins, liquid chromatography, macromolecules, MAPK pathway, mass spectrometry, metabolic diseases, metabolic disorders, metabolic pathways, metabolic reactions, metabolism, metabolism regulation, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, mitochondrial function, molecular biology, molecular genetics, molecular interactions, molecular structure, mRNA, muscle physiology, mutation, NADH, nervous system, neurophysiology, NMR spectroscopy, non-competitive inhibition, nucleic acids, nucleotides, organ systems, organs, osmotic pressure, oxidation, oxidative metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen consumption, PCR, peptide bonds, pH regulation, phospholipids, physiological adaptation, physiological balance, Physiology, Physiology & Biochemistry, plant physiology, post-translational modifications, primary structure, protein degradation, protein electrophoresis, protein folding, protein kinase activity, protein phosphorylation, protein synthesis, proteins, proteomics, pyruvate, quaternary structure, reaction equilibrium, reaction rate, receptor tyrosine kinases, recombinant DNA technology, redox reactions, reduction, respiratory system, RNA, RNA polymerase, RNA splicing, rRNA, second messengers, secondary structure, signal transduction, spectrometry, spectrophotometry, steroid hormones, substrate concentration, substrate specificity, temperature regulation, tertiary structure, thermoregulation, thyroid hormones, tissues, transcription, translation, translation process, triglycerides, tRNA, Vmax, Western blotting, X-ray crystallography

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BOTANY

Taxonomy, Anatomy & Embryology

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Taxonomy, Anatomy & Embryology Unit-I: Classification 1. Pre-Linnaean Classification: Historical background: Prior to Linnaeus, classification was often based on

**Keywords**: ovule development, agricultural applications., Anatomy & Embryology, angiosperms, apomeiosis, apomixis, chromosome number, clonal reproduction, dormancy, double fertilization, embryo development, embryo sac, endosperm formation, endosperm nourishment, female gametophyte, fertilization, fruit development, gametic apomixis, genetic diversity, megasporogenesis, mitotic divisions, plant reproduction, pollen tube, polyembryony, seed coat, seed formation, seed maturation, sexual reproduction, somatic embryogenesis, Taxonomy, vegetative apomixis, zygote

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BOTANY

Biofertilizer Technology

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Biofertilizer Technology Unit I: Introduction to Biofertilizers Definition of Biofertilizers: Biofertilizers are natural fertilizers containing living microorganisms which promote

agricultural productivity, agricultural sustainability, azospirillum, azotobacter, biofertilizer marketing, biofertilizer storage, Biofertilizer Technology, biofertilizers, bioinoculants, biological control, chemical-free farming, composting, crop growth, cyanobacteria, earthworms in agriculture, eco-friendly fertilizers, environmental benefits, farming techniques, glomus fungi, green farming, humus, microbial activity, microbial count, mycorrhizae, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nutrient cycling, organic farming practices, organic matter decomposition, phosphate solubilizers, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, plant nutrition, rhizobium, soil erosion prevention., soil fertility, soil health, soil microbes, soil nutrients, soil structure, Sustainable Agriculture, vermicomposting

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BOTANY

Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm & Paleobotany

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm & Paleobotany Pteridophytes Classification and Characteristics 1. Classification of Pteridophytes: Pteridophytes are vascular plants that reproduce via

amber preservation, ancient plant species, angiosperms, body fossils, carbonization, chemical fossils, Cordaitales, early vascular plants, evolution of seed plants, evolutionary biology, evolutionary relationships, extinct plants, extinct vascular plants, fossil classification, fossil evidence, fossil evidence of plant evolution, fossil groups, fossil identification, fossil imprints, fossil plant anatomy, fossil plant diversity, fossil plants, fossil plants analysis, fossil plants in paleontology, fossil plants significance, fossil preservation, fossil record, fossil study, fossilization, fossilized plant structures, fossilized tree trunks, fossils, geological periods, geological time scale, Gymnosperm & Paleobotany, gymnosperms, microfossils, paleobotany, paleoclimatology, paleoecology, paleontological significance, Pentoxylales, permineralization, plant adaptation, plant evolution, plant fossil groups, plant fossil preservation., plant fossil study, plant fossilization, plant morphology, Psilophytales, Pteridophyta, seed plants, stratigraphy, trace fossils, vascular plants

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BOTANY

Microbiology and Plant Pathology

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Microbiology and Plant Pathology Unit I: General Introduction, History, Scope of Microbiology, and Methods of Microbiology General Introduction to

Microbiology and Plant Pathology

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BOTANY

Phycology, Mycology and Bryology

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Phycology, Mycology and Bryology Algae – Thallus Organization, Reproduction, and Uses Thallus Organization of Algae: Algae are simple, non-vascular

Anthocerotales, bioremediation, bryophyte ecology, bryophyte importance, bryophyte reproduction, Bryophytes, capsule, Carbon Sequestration., classification of bryophytes, desiccation tolerance, Ecosystem Services, foot, fragmentation, gemmae, hornworts, horticulture, Jungermanniales, liverworts, Marchantiales, medicinal uses, moss biology, mosses, Mycology and Bryology, peat extraction, peat moss, perennation, Phycology, plant evolution, plant evolution stages., Polytrichales, seta, Soil Formation, Sphagnales, spore dispersal, spore formation, spore production, sporophyte, terrestrial plants, vegetative propagation, water retention

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BOTANY

Economic Botany

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BOTANY

Economic Botany ECONOMIC BOTANY Origin of Cultivated Plants 1. Origin of Cultivated Plants: Centres of Origin: The concept refers

biodegradable fibers, biodegradable packaging, coagulation, construction materials, cotton extraction, cottonseed oil, durability, eco-friendly materials, Economic Botany, elasticity, fabric production, footwear, furniture production, ginning process, hardwood, Hevea brasiliensis, high-value wood, industrial applications, jute extraction, latex extraction, medical products, medical uses, Pinus spp., plant fibers, renewable resource, resilient materials, resin extraction, retting process, rubber industry, softwood, sustainable fibers, sustainable forestry, tapping process, teak wood, Tectona grandis, textile industry, tire production, vulcanization, wood quality

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BIOLOGY, BOTANY

Plant Ecology & Phytogeography

afroze.eqbal999 / January 24, 2025 / BIOLOGY, BOTANY

Plant Ecology & Phytogeography (i) Introduction to Ecology Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and their environment. Autoecology:

Analytical Characters, Atmospheric Moisture, Autoecology, Biogeochemical Cycles, Biotic Interactions, Biotic-abiotic Interactions, Carbon Cycle, Climax Community, Continental Drift, Dew, Dynamism, Ecological Amplitude, Ecological Pyramids, Ecology, Ecosystem Structure, Ecotone, Edge Effect, Energy Flow Models, Energy Flow Principles, Environment Components, Fog, Food Chains, Food Webs, Habitat, Hail, Homeostasis, Hydrological Cycle, Hydrosphere, Indian Vegetation., Levels of Organization, Lithosphere, Niche, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle, Phytogeographical Divisions, Phytogeography, Plant Ecology & Phytogeography, Population Ecology, Precipitation Types, Productivity, Rain, Snow, Soil Composition, Soil Formation, Soil Profile, Soil Water, Succession Processes, Succession Types, Synecology, Synthetic Characters, System Ecology, Trophic Organization, Water Table

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