Ethnomethodology
Ethno’ (Ethno) means ‘folk’ or folk knowledge ‘Methodology’ (methodology) means subject-matter. Ethnomethodology means – the social science of the life of ‘everyday’. The purpose of this method is to systematically understand everyday events. The importance of ‘event’ is not as much as the meaning of ‘phenomena’. Public-legislative science wants to enter the inner thoughts of the individual. Public jurisprudence explains social phenomena, with regard to the subject matter of how ordinary people interpret events, communicate or exchange meaning. Public forensic science is that method, which is related to practical reasoning. Supporters of this method are, however, relatively few in number. Among them, the names of Garfinkle, Wittner, Sikoral, Churchill, McAndew Marman, Rose, Saxdon, Beater, Zimmerman etc. are notable.
Abraham writes – “Ethno-methodology are the general methods of knowledge used by individuals, through which meaning is given to daily activities and social reality is created and maintained.” – According to Landis Churchill- “Ethno-methodology Mainly emphasizes the study of those aspects of human behavior which are related to the normal and practical daily activities of a person. These verbs are simple and people do not understand any need to decipher their meaning. By giving importance to these daily activities, the only approach that studies them is ethno-methodology. Ethnology gives importance to three facts in its study
(1) The daily activities of man,
(2) the language of daily activities and its social aspect, and
(3) The reality of the normative aspects of situations and the processes of individuals following the norm in specific context situations.
In the interaction, people give meaning to the events and exchange that meaning, the study of this process is folk jurisprudence. The main pioneers of this method are Alfred Shoe and Garfinkel. This method is known by the name of Garfinkle itself. The term folk-law was coined by Garfinkel in his book ‘Studies in Ethnomethodology’ in 1967. According to Garfinkel, in the etymology of this word, ‘Ethno’ means the achievement of the general knowledge of his society to the person, its special emphasis is more on understanding than in the calculation of data, survey, analysis, questionnaires etc. Because other things only give man the status of a thing. Public jurists do not want to study only open behavior. They want to interpret the work from the point of view of the doer. Hence it is a Subjective Approach.
Folk-jurists study the day-to-day activities of human beings. They want to make practical activities, practical situations and practical sociological reasoning as the subject of their empirical study. According to him, socially meaningful perceptions are based on observation and analysis of everyday life.
Public law focuses more on what sociologists actually do and how they see the world. Folk-jurists emphasize on how social reality is formed in the process of social interaction. For them social reality is not a given thing, it is born in the process of interaction. For them social structure is not a permanent thing but it is dynamic, which is always changing; That’s why they shy away from generalizing.
According to him the social structure always changes while the actors give meaning to it. Social conditions are not always uniform but they are uncertain. As the individuals change in the interaction, the circumstances also change. Even the persons interacting remain the same, the situation need not remain the same.
So sociology cannot be viewed in isolation; But it should be a part of this world and that is why Garfinkal said that every person is a practical theorist.
The general tendency of sociology is to study the problems of society, everyday life is never considered problematic in this. Alfred Schutz was the first to mention the importance of everyday life. Folk-law phenomenon has been influenced by functionalism, especially the ideas of the philosophers sociologists Alfred Shuge and George Herbert Mead. Garfinkel, the exponent of the folk-law approach, mentions his debt to Hussl and Shuj. He has also said that he is also influenced by the ideas of Parsons and Gurwich. The interest of theorists is gradually increasing in the public-law approach.
Meaning of Ethnomethodology
. Garfinkel has clarified that the development of folk jurisprudence in anthropological terms such as – Ethno Botany. ethno medicine
As happened. Just as the word ‘botany’ in ethno botany refers to a group, which should be understood in terms of statistics. Similarly, in the ethno method, the method also indicates a subject-matter rather than a scientific plant. Public jurisprudence and research methods are not in conflict with each other but this is not a research method but a different approach to the study of society.
Ethnomethodology is not a scientific method of discovery. “Methodology should not be understood that it is a new methodology or a new method of research. The fact is that ethnomethodology does not support Scientific Positivism. It is a movement. It can be of any kind. It explains the methods by which the members of the society make the meaning of their activities demonstrable to each other. To find out how social order is possible and to know how people communicate with each other. Language and meaning are very important for public law scientists.
MUST READ THIS
Public – legal science perspective is all related to
activities of everyday life.
Language and meaning.
The appraisal aspect of situations and the ways in which people use norms.
Garfinkel has been concerned with the practical and everyday activities of human beings in society because they make everyday life visible and reportable for them and for others. It relates to the methods they use to perform and manage those tasks. In the social world the important part is invisible. This is the given and invisible world. The task of the ethno methodologist is to eliminate this supply and expose the cultural foundations of its invisibility practice.
According to Hagedorn and Leboritz, “It is the examination of the logical properties of listed expressions and other practical functions as an indefinite and continuous supply of organized artistic practices of everyday life.
Sikorl has defined folk jurisprudence as “the study of everyday practical thought as the maker of all human activities. The main considerations are the use of members’ daily conversations and descriptions of everyday experiences and activities.”
Sikoral is primarily concerned with how language and meaning form the way in which social interaction takes place and is represented. For him, folk jurisprudence means the study of descriptive processes and standards in everyday social practices and scientific activities. Members in society interpret each other’s actions and communications and are therefore interested in public jurisprudence language. Linguists are also interested in language, but both have vastly different approaches. .
According to Sikorl, the interpretive process
Reciprocity of perspectives, some of the characteristics are
Adi – etc. beliefs.
normally.
retrospective meaning of events,
the conversation itself in self-representative form,
Descriptive Glossaries and Listed Expressions.
Characteristics of Ethnomethodology
This theory considers the reality to be changeable rather than permanent.
Man is not a person molded in the cultural environment, but a living being interacting normally by being active, this is the basic belief of this approach.
This approach gives enough importance to the place and context of the event and the language of the individuals.
Ethno-methodology is opposed to scientism but accepts observation in its studies.
This theory does not give importance to the normative format.
Objectivity has no place in ethno-methodology. Instead, this approach gives importance to subjectivity.
Ethno-methodology was born in opposition to classical sociology and this approach has emerged as Creative Sociology.
Ethno-methodology does not accept social values and norms.
In this approach, the formation of reality takes place through the process of interaction.
This approach gives special importance to the daily activities of the individuals.
Ethnology gives importance to explanatory study rather than numerical study.
An important feature of this approach is small scale study as it is a branch of symbolic interactionism.
Classical sociological theory draws conclusions on the basis of generalization of facts, but this theory emphasizes on understanding.
In this theory, the individual is important, that is, this principle gives importance to the attitude of individuals towards any event.
Language and its social aspect are given special attention in this approach, hence its second name is folk legal science.
In ethno-methodology those methods of study are used by which
Direct observation of the reality of events is possible.
Technique of Ethnomethodology
Folk-legal sciences follow many of the same methods of study, which are adopted by traditional sociologists. Garfinkel has asked public law scientists to pay attention to reflexive behaviours. For example, when a child is asked to speak about his own creative output and then to do so present the figures, forms and colors in line drawings to another person, the child in a way Presenting an ‘Account’. This technique and the above mentioned techniques together provide tools of practical research for public law scientists and titles that promise to advance the discipline through research and publication.
According to Jonathan Turner, public jurisprudence is concerned with the study of perception, to which little attention is paid to the intellectual fields of the traditional theoretical perspective. It uses a number of research strategies to study this appearance, including many forms of observational and participatory observational methods. The following direct methods are emphasized by the public law scientists
observational techniques,
disguised listening techniques,
recorded material,
For example, diaries, letters, etc., in which people are more open and more free. Although folk jurisprudence has not yet recognized its most effective analytical techniques, four techniques have been mentioned in the works of most public jurists:
The tradition of Participant Observation which has been used extensively in cultural, anthropological and symbolic interactions.
The ethno-methodical application which is originally adopted when the interaction is caused by the preoccupation of the situation by conduct inappropriately with the norms of the situation.
One method is that of ‘archive interpretation’, in which the behavior, statements and outward manifestations of another person or group are taken as a record or underlying form, which explains the feelings.
“There is a significant interest in linguistics, which is the medium of communication of meaning. It pays special attention to the relationship between the form of language and the structure of social interaction.
Folk-legal science considers its approach different from that of all branches of traditional sociology and does not call it mere conceptual formulation; Because they rejected the fundamental assumption of empiricist sociology that there is no real social and cultural world that can be studied objectively by scientific methods.
Folk-law scientists emphasize the singularity of each interaction situation, so they do not generalize. They challenge the belief of traditional sociology that society consists of a sufficiently stable system of participatory meanings , by questionnaires or interviews or some kind of research method in which the researcher fits the subject ‘s reactions and behavior into predetermined categories . provide a basis. Bales and Golf have paid special attention to the concept used in this type of social analysis, which is called accounting. According to him, accounting is the ability of people to declare the meaning derived from the circumstances for themselves and for others. Accounting includes both language and meaning. People constantly present linguistic or original accounts explaining their actions.
empiricism
Methodology gives sufficient importance to experience in its studies. The facts which the researcher collects through his sense experience are important. Experience can be primary as well as secondary. Primary experience is acquired by reaching the event itself, whereas secondary experience is obtained on the basis of information obtained through some other means. The Versathan method is an example of elementary experience.
Documentary Method
Among the facts gathered by this method, one fact becomes the basis for the explanation of the other. In this method, facts are classified on the basis of observation. All events are sorted by the time they occurred. Under this method, patterns of uniformity are searched through different meanings. This method is often used only in the study of community. Garfinkel has based the ideas of Karl Mannheim under this method.
Experimental Method
Ethno-methodology considers social reality to be variable. Our daily life goes on in a certain way. We do not know how this arrangement of our life has come into being. It is in this context that Garfinkel believes that we can discover this reality by making changes in the patterns of our daily life. Garfinkel in this context
Observation Method
– Although ethno-methodology is opposed to empiricism, but this sub
He uses observation in his studies. Observation is the method of studying events directly and accurately. Ethno-methodology accepts the precise study of events. This approach gives more importance to participatory observation in the form of observation. In the study area, the material collected secretly by staying between the units of study is real and deep, this approach has such a recognition.
(Basic Concepts of Ethnomethodology)
Reflexivity
Garfinkel holds the view that the social world is experienced by members as a factual system as the act of perceptual creation through which that system arises or is recognized. Members are not subject to scrutiny. Here Garfinkel has mentioned the subjectivity of practical work. The contexts refer to the circumstances of the occasion of a social event, which are chosen by the members themselves to understand the meaning of the events. Members cannot separate the circumstances of social events from their own explanation of what these events are. Our way of summarizing these situations and events to explain them is inseparable.
Circumstances and interpretations mutually create each other. According to Garfinkel, subjectivity refers to the unified combination of descriptions or accounts of situations and of social events and social arrangements. In this way, members as aspects of ordinary arrangements use the characteristics of these arrangements to make these self-consistent arrangements visible and happenable. They make their sense of what is happening responsible and descriptive. They do this to make their social worlds descriptive to each other.
Glossing Practice
The literal meaning of ‘Glos’ is – ‘Explanation’, ‘Explanation’, ‘Marginal words for clarification’ etc. In the adjectives of speech, the meaning of the speaker is somewhat different from what they are able to say in many words. It is a behavior, according to Edward Roes, that is the deliberate use of a property that certainly includes its consequences in particular circumstance. For example, Garfinkel and Sachs have a conversation in a moving car. In this the guest peeping outside says – ‘It has certainly changed as long as the host answers, the car moves on. But he can still understand what the guest is about his place.’ was making a statement and he replies that ‘the block has been rebuilt ten years back after a fire. Every detail is not discussed during the conversation but is left in an explanatory form. The parties participating in the conversation take away its meaning or give it true meaning. If the context is not known, the problem is solved by giving the context and thus the confusion is removed. There are many such commentary behaviors. Commentary behaviors are techniques for presenting observational, reportable understanding in natural language. ‘
Members’ Methods
Garfinkel’s suggestion is that it is not mindlessness, disagreement, or failure to explain the day-to-day social world. We can make it clear to others that we do not know the subject they are talking about; We do not agree with what they are saying, we do not know what they want us to do or why we have pleased them. We are able to hear from their answers through our perception creation work, what exactly they want us to do or what they are talking about or what we said was the reason for their displeasure. Garfinkel’s proposal is that members must fulfill their social world. They use methods of members to do this which are used in given, implied and undeclared methods. The Public Legal Scientist considers it his task to bring to light the methods of the members to make them as they appear.
Garfinkel suggests that familiar events and common-sense things of day-to-day life are familiar and common because the techniques for producing and identifying these events and scenes are important. According to him, events in our everyday lives as members of our society become important because we generate and receive them in special ways. Garfinkel has used the word ‘member’ in place of Schutz’s word actor. We carry out our actions in such a way that the nature of these actions may be available to others. For example a complaint from social processes, a language or a joke we do in such a way that others can accept them without any problem. We refer to these things as a question, a liar or a mere turn to speak.
If we are recognized, we are in a way reproducing our social world in a given, regular and proven way. What is happening is clear to all concerned. This everyday non-problematic and familiar feature of everyday events is the product of our empirical work. Through the methods of members, which are adopted to save empirical work, we complete a common social world. Through this we are sure that what we are doing can be seen by others. For example, to give a speech, to ask a question, to make a promise or to do all three together, etc. If the examinations are suspended for a week, will your worries about the examination be quelled?
. Indexability
The meaning of cataloging is to derive the meaning of an object or activity from its context. It is listed in a special condition. Consequently, any explanation, explanation or mention made by the members in day-to-day life is made only with reference to the particular circumstances and situations. Garfinkel argues that the meaning of an action is derived from its context. The meaning of what is happening or is about to happen depends on how we interpret the context of the activity concerned. From this point of view their understanding and mention are listed. Their meaning emerges only in a particular form.