Role of Industrialization and Urbanization in Rural Transformation

Role of Industrialization and Urbanization in Rural Transformation

 

As an agricultural country, we have a traditional form of religion, politics, education, production and social system for thousands of years. In this traditional rural life, the stability of primary relations, agriculture and cottage industries were seen as the only accepted way of life.

 

This situation prevailed till the first half of the 19th century. In the second half of the 19th century, some big factories and mills of cotton cloth, sugar and jute were established here, so that the raw material available in the country could be used more and more. Industrialization began to increase rapidly from the beginning of the 20th century. At this time, the places where raw materials, means of transport, supply of labor and other facilities were available, big factories started being established there, where agriculture started being commercialized for the supply of raw materials for these industries. Big cities also started being built in new places.

 

Due to the inability to compete with the production in large quantities, the cottage industries in the villages became new. lakhs of people engaged in these occupations

The villagers have become more conscious in areas like ambition towards education, secular orientation, sense of equality, self-confidence and political participation. Farmers have also become more aware of different types of innovations and are trying to adopt them to the maximum extent. All these changes are clear signs of modernization in the villages.

 

 

Globalization and crisis in Indian agriculture

 

In the 1990s, structural reform programs and the WTO trade system created a new crisis in rural living. The new economy has to some extent brought us back to the colonial era, where

The process of accumulation and utilization is once again being controlled by the metropolitan urban capital.

 

End of State Intervention The State has withdrawn its previously declared role of market intervention for the economic security of domestic producers and for the protection of small producers and vulnerable segments among them. The wide framework of control over domestic and international trade and investment was rapidly abolished, restricting the movement of storage marketing and processing of agricultural products, Essential Commodity Acr, Agricultural Produce Marketing Act. And the Small Scale Reservation Act has been amended. Multinational and large domestic units have now been allowed to enter these activities. Import-export policy in the liberal era has rapidly removed import-control on agricultural commodities, sometimes before the time prescribed by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The highly hostile conditions of the global market for primary goods have led to liberalization of trade. The prices of all primary commodities (including wheat and rice) have fallen sharply during the 1990s. The basic facilities provided by the government have decreased.

 

 

Many small and medium sized irrigation network projects remain incomplete not only because of being controversial but also due to paucity of funds. The energy sector has been privatized in the last decades and water privatization is a major issue in the coming decade. This will have a huge impact on Indian agriculture. It can destroy the competence of even the middle level farmers. The changing priority in the banking sector has reduced the assistance provided by the commercial as well as co-operative banks to the agriculture sector.

 

 

The schemes to meet the economic needs of small and marginal farmers have been completely abolished. This led to a very rapid growth in the economic informal capital market. Traders of new technology, inputs and equipment have entered these markets apart from the traditional lenders. Subsidies on fertilizers have been reduced in the annual budget accounts and the government has entrusted the task of giving seeds to multinational and private companies. Finally, in today’s language, the word “land reform” is being used to advocate the removal of land restrictions and tenancy rules. This will facilitate the entry of industry in direct farming activities, large farmers will be successful in entering into profitable trade agreements with the industry sector and multi-national companies. Some states like Maharashtra and Karnataka have taken important steps in this direction.

 

 

 

 

 

Entry of Industry (Multinational Companies) in Indian Agriculture

 

A fundamental change in the structure of the international political economy relating to food is the emergence of multinational agricultural food regulations, which seek to organize production and use in national economies according to their investment and marketing objectives. Due to the land restriction law, the entry of industry into direct agricultural production in India has been prohibited. Cultivation on a large scale as required by the companies is not allowed due to the following restrictions: Only the land of the plantation area has been exempted from the Restriction Act. Capitalist farming, which was controlled by foreign companies, is present in this area since the pre-independence period. The average size of cultivation is 88.80 hectares in Assam and 59.33 hectares in Kerala.

 

With the new definition of ‘land reclamation’, there is increasing pressure to allow companies to work in the field of direct agricultural production, especially horticulture, floriculture and agro-forestry. Now the demand is to increase the land restriction limit to a great extent or it should be abolished completely.

 

As already mentioned that many state governments are ready to accept this demand. The Maharashtra government has already taken the initiative to exempt unions, companies and cooperatives from the land lease law for the purpose of horticulture. Such units can buy bajra, waste or khar land and take cultivable land on lease. The area of ​​farms can be as large as 1000 acres.

 

During this time the companies have acquired vast area of ​​land in Odisha and southern states for aquaculture. In this process a large number of small and sogant farmers have been uprooted.

 

Many companies are entering into agro-forestry (teak plantation) by cheating the Land Prohibition Act. They buy the generic and hand it over to individuals on payment of a substantial amount and promise them attractive profits in return. Nevertheless, the design of the agricultural market to control overpopulation in the agricultural sector is far more ambitious than what it can achieve from direct agriculture. With the consent of the Government of India, agricultural trade is increasingly controlling the flow of investment and output in the agriculture sector.

 

There is a framework to change the methods of the land industry according to their heart benefits. Under the Games on Contract Farming Tech

The cultivators are employed to produce and supply a specified product of a specified quality in specified quantities, at a specified price, at a specified time. The company also provides seeds, fertilizers, technical loans and farming equipment to the farmers.

 

 

Tomato crop in Punjab (HLL Apsi and Nijjar), Mustard crop in Punjab (Markfed, Para Statal body) Potato (Acdonald), Wheat crop in Madhya Pradesh (Rallis and H.L.L.) .) Horticulture (1lorticulture) and Floriculture (Ace) etc. Examples are well known to all. But leased farming is limited to certain areas and few products. Seed companies The control of multinational companies over the seed industry is very widespread. National Seed Corporation was established in 1963 along with the state of H. Y. V. Wheat. After this, State Seed Corporations were established to meet the need of quality seeds. 1973 1973 During the year 1985, the private sector entered the seed industry under the World Bank supported seed project.

 

 

 

In 1987, MRTP ( MRTP ) ( and FERA ) companies were called for the manufacture of grease. In the same year the imports of seeds were placed in the Open General License category under the TRIP Acts of the World Trade Organization, multinational cheese companies, seed industry Umri as a powerful factor in the direction of absolute control over and thus controlling the nature of land use in Indian agriculture. Access to poor farmers by multinational companies based on hybrid seeds and pesticide management and seed processing with seed plants are supplied at out-of-pocket prices.

 

 

On the other hand the agro-processing industry, which was earlier reserved for small scale industries, has been opened to big corporations and multinational companies.

 

 

In the coming years, very rapid changes in land use and land ownership patterns can be expected in Indian agriculture. The transition from a state controlled system to a market controlled system dominated by large multinational companies has affected different sections of the farming community in different ways.

 

 

 

 

Confusion prevailing in the group of big farmers on the neo-liberal system

 

With the spread of the Green Revolution and increased productivity in agriculture, as mentioned earlier, the group of wealthy farmers emerged as a powerful political movement in the 1970s.

 

 

Sharad Joshi in Maharashtra, M.S. Tikait led it in Uttar Pradesh and Ajmer Singh Lakhowal, • Balbir Singh, Rajwal and Bhupinder Singh Mann in Punjab. In these movements, there has been a demand for better prices for their products and increase in subsidies on all essential commodities in the form of raw materials for agriculture. The reaction of the wealthy farming community to the global process is confusing.

 

On the one hand they think that trade liberalization, diversity of agricultural products and entry of agricultural trade are beneficial for them. On the other hand, they are apprehensive that they will not be able to compete due to cheap imports through huge subsidies in the agricultural sector in developed countries. Thus, while Sharad Joshi welcomed the proposal for the Inkal Draft of the Uruguay Round, peasant movements in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka opposed it.

 

In 1988, a parastatal (Punjab Agro Industries Corporation), Bharatiya Kisan Union and the Akali Dal, a farmer-based political party in Punjab, joined Pepsi as a joint adventure partner in order to obtain and preserve fruits and vegetables. called with

 

 

Management of farming on lease by multinational companies is essentially with medium or large farmers. Big farmers, along with the industry sector, are pressurizing the state government to amend the land restriction law and integrate it on leased land. Micro-level studies show that the opposite tenancy theory, which was prevalent only in Punjab and Haryana during the 1970s and 1980s, has spread rapidly to other states in the 1990s.

 

 

But it should be noted that in the new scenario, the large group of farmers is presently bewildered by the declining trend in the prices of primary commodities in the world market and unequal bargaining power in comparison to the industry group. It wants the government to protect its economic interests in the WTO agreement. In future, if the big farmers feel good position in the international markets and expect attractive deals from industrial partners, then they can go to the other side also. Whether large peasants can become an integral part of the anti-imperialist struggle is a debatable matter.

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