What is Socialization
Man keeps on learning something from birth to death. When a person is born, at that time it is just a living effigy of flesh and flesh. At birth, it has social qualities and not antisocial. He does not even have the idea of his body. The only reason for this is that ‘self’ does not develop in it. But gradually he becomes a social animal, moving between society and culture. That is, a person learns to behave according to the traditions, stereotypes, beliefs, customs of the society. In this way, the process by which biological being turns into social being is called socialization. Through this process man learns the norms of the society and according to them
Becomes an active member of society by displaying behavior. The process of socialization takes place in every society, whether it is a civilized society in America or an uncultured wild race. It is through this that a person’s personality is developed. Different sociologists have explained the process of socialization in different ways.
According to Johnson, “Socialization is a learning process by which an individual performs social roles.” In this definition Johnson has shown that a person learns the values, ideals, customs of society and performs his roles and contributes to social work.
According to Fichtor, “Socialization is the process by which one accepts paradigmatic patterns of social behavior and learns to adapt from them.” Like Johnson, Fixtor has described socialization as the process of adsorption.
According to Kuppuswamy, ‘Socialization is an interactive process by which a child’s behavior is transformed and conforms to the expectations of the members of the group to which he or she belongs.
According to Bogardus, “Socialization is the process of working together, developing a sense of collective responsibility and being guided by the need for the welfare of others.” – Bogardus, in his definition, emphasizes the interactive effect in the process of socialization. But in this he has emphasized only positive initiatives. That is, he only published virtues under socialization. This is the biggest weakness of Bogardus’s definition. In fact, through the process of socialization, the person is not just virtues and good things. Learns, but also learns the opposite things or demerits from them.
According to Kimbal Young, “Socialization is the process by which a person enters social and cultural spheres and becomes a member of different groups of society and by which he is motivated to accept the faults and ideals of society.
The analysis of the above definitions shows that socialization is a process by which a person learns to behave according to social norms and stereotypes. Socialization is the development of a person’s personality according to different conditions of social life. Socialization in a person by socialization. Self-judgment, a sense of hum. Social enlightenment and social responsibility come
Characteristics of Socialization
In relation to socialization, the characteristics are becoming clear based on the definitions given by various scholars. Some of the salient features are
(i) Socialization is a process of learning.
(ii) Through this, social customs, traditions and ideals are learned.
(iii) Through this process a person changes from a biological animal to a social animal.
(iv) Socialization is a birth process ie it goes on from birth till death.
(v) Socialization leads to the development of self-consciousness, self-judgment and feeling of us.
(vi) It brings about the qualities of self-control and social responsibility in a person.
(vii) The process of socialization goes through different levels. (
VIII) The process of socialization is tested by various means.
(ix) The process of socialization occurs in all societies.
Aims of Socialization
Four major objectives and segmental socialization are mentioned.
- Basic Discipline – Socialization is essential for keeping human life in order. Through the process of socialization one learns the customs, ideals and values of the society. Thus he becomes an active member of the society. As a result of socialization, he harmonizes with other people in the society.
- To instal aspirations – The purpose of the process of socialization is to help in the fulfillment of aspirations in a person by creating them. This is to say that socialization is a desire born in a person. With these desires, aspirations are created and then they are also fulfilled by the process of socialization.
- To teach the nresponsibility of social roles that every person has a status in society and also has roles associated with that situation. It is necessary to play these roles. The process of socialization makes a person aware of social obligations. It is through this that a person learns social customs, as a result of which he is able to play his roles.
- Development of social skills – The process of socialization develops those abilities within the person that help him to successfully harmonize in all areas of social life. Through socialization, people come in the way of society. Are helpful in adaptation.
Stages of Socialization
Johnson has divided the process of socialization into four levels
(i) Oral Stage
(ii) Anal Stage
(iii) Identification Stage
(iv) Adolescence
1.Oral Stage – This is the first stage of the socialization process. In this state, the fetus lives comfortably in the womb. This stage lasts from one to one and a half years. In this stage all the requirements are generally physical and verbal. At this stage the child does not know anyone other than his mother in the family. In fact, he does not feel isolated from his mother. According to the Parsons, the child is an asset to others in the family. This is called the verbal state because he learns to signal for his care. The infant begins to express gestures through his face. In this state, children experience physical pleasure. This situation has been called primary identification by Freud. In this state, children feel hungry, feel cold or hot and feel discomfort in every task. The child suffers from these inconveniences and cries and cries.
2 . Anal Stage – The infancy stage starts from one and a half years and ends in the third or fourth year. In this stage the child is given toilet related training. The child is taught to wash his hands with soap and keep his clothes clean. In this stage the child reacts in every way. Not only does he desire to love mother, but he also starts loving mother. In this stage the child’s actions are justified or wrong so that he can understand the difference between right and wrong. He is praised for right actions, and on the other hand is reprimanded for wrong actions. In this way, he starts behaving according to his family and culture. In this state the child comes in contact with other members of the family besides the mother and is affected by them. Now he starts speaking and walking a little bit. In such a situation, the nature of imitation in children develops. Children also display a sense of tension and love when family members display anger, protest, love and cooperation. Thus the child begins to play dual roles.
3.Identification Stage: This stage lasts from three to four years to twelve – thirteen years of age. Johnson said that in this stage the child becomes attached to the whole family and begins to recognize all the members. The main feature of this stage is that the child is not familiar with sexual behaviors, but many sexual changes start taking place in his body. At this time, the child begins to identify his gender (ie whether he is a boy or a girl) and his interest in the opposite sex starts growing. At this stage, the child is expected to behave according to his gender. If he behaves in harmony with his gender, he is encouraged. In this way, he gradually learns gender differentiation. In this stage, sexual development takes place in children to the extent that they become jealous of their parents. In the beginning, the child is unable to establish full identity with his gender and situation. Because there is more envy and envy in it. But gradually he learns to control them. In this stage, complex emotions develop in children. Boys tend to be unconsciously attracted to the mother and girls towards the father. The attraction of boys to their mother is referred to as Oedipus complex and the attraction towards father of girls is called Electra complex. The state of identification is also known as the Latency stage.
- Adolescences often begin at this stage in puberty. In this stage, children desire more independence than their parents. This stage is only from 13 to 18 years. This level is very important. Happens because in this stage boys and girls experience severe stresses. The reason for this stress is physical changes in the boys and girls. – At this time children are expected to make necessary decisions related to their lives. For example, the choice of life partner, business choice, etc. Children are often confused when making these decisions, but in relation to these decisions they are expected to keep in mind their family traditions and cultural values. Take decisions. But often they are counter to the feelings of adolescents and are caused by mental stress. At this stage the process of socialization is influenced by the prohibitive rules of society (incest taboos) which have special importance in culture. Children in In addition to your family, adjustments have to be made with neighbors, sports mates, friends, teachers and newcomers. In such a situation, they face new situations and gain new experiences. In this stage, children also learn to generalize situations. In this state, a feeling of super ego develops in them, due to which self-control arises in them. The process of socialization does not end in these four stages. But they are important and remarkable from the point of view of building personality. After this, the process becomes simple, because the person develops language and those abilities, so that he can easily understand and assimilate a situation.
The process of socialization goes through three main levels even after adolescence.
(i) Youth
(ii) maturity
(iii) old age
(i) Youth – In this stage, one gets many positions, such as father, husband etc. According to all these positions, a person works and performs important responsibilities of family and society. He has to face the role of role clash in playing the roles related to different types of positions.
. ) Old age – In this stage the burden of social obligations on the person increases. He also has to bear the burden of education of his family and children – initiation, marriage and business etc. As a senior officer or servant of the office, new responsibilities have to be taken. In this way, he gets new experiences under different circumstances.
Old age – In this state, physical, mental and social changes begin to become apparent on the person. Now he plays many important roles as Dada, Nana etc. Jobber
The person is retired from service at this stage. In general, now he has to depend on others. At this time, he has to adapt to many new situations. It is clear that the process of socialization goes on in some form or the other. This process becomes relatively simple after adolescence. Johnson discusses three reasons for this, first, that an adult is generally motivated to work toward the goal he or she has seen. Second, there is a lot of similarity between the new role he wants to internalize and the roles he has played before. Third, he easily understands new expectations through language. Thus, the process of socialization continues automatically after adolescence.
Agencies of Socialization
Family – Family has an important place in the means of socialization. A human remains in the family from birth to death. Therefore, he plays a very important role in the creation of personality. When a human is born, then it is just a living effigy of the flesh. Gradually, he comes in contact with the family members and changes from a biological being to a social animal. The relationship of parents in the family, relationship of parents and children and mutual relationship of children also affects the process of socialization. We can understand their effects as follows
(A) Parental relationship – The role of parents is very important in families of all societies. The father provides instrumental leadership to the children and the mother provides the children with expressive leadership. The father is the owner of the farm and business as a seeker leader and he is also the leader in the game, while the mother acts as a mediator in the family. The mother does the work of making compromises and eliminating quarrels and unpleasantness. In addition, she is loving, intimate, friendly and emotional towards children. Son wants to be like father and daughter like mother. Thus, it can be said that parents have a great influence on children. If a rift or gap arises between their relations, it affects the personality of the children. Lack of balance is found in the children of the family in which there is quarrel and discord between the parents. If the husband and wife in the family maintain the relationship of love and cooperation, then it has a very good effect on the children and it is successful in leading a balanced life. The morality of children also develops in the family. In families where parents emphasize moral considerations, only children develop high morality in those families.
(B) Relationship of parents and children – Not only the mutual relationship of the parents in the family, but also how the relationship of the parents with the children also affects their personality. When parents give enough love to children, take care of their needs and requirements, then they feel safe. If parents do not give enough love to the child, do not meet their needs, then they feel insecure. If parents look at children with disdain and neglect, then a sense of inferiority develops in the children. Sometimes they also become of vengeful nature and inside them a feeling of revenge for society is awakened. In contrast, excessive pampering makes children careless and irresponsible. They expect from others, but become selfish and self-centered. Sometimes it is also seen that parents do not look at all their children with equal vision, discriminate against them. This type of behavior with children affects their personality. The one who gets more love, the crook and the one who is not favored, becomes destitute and demoralized. Along with this, a feeling of jealousy and rivalry develops among the children. Kimbal Young has said in this context, “The basic socialization of the child takes place in the family itself. All the basic ideas of heart, skill and standards are obtained in the family itself.
(C) Mutual relation of children – The mutual relation of children is also important. Mutual relation of children means the relationship between brother-brother and sister-sister. Apart from this, the effect of birth order of children also affects his personality. It is often seen that the first child of the family wants to enjoy all the facilities alone. The only reason for this is that for a long time he continues to be loved by all alone. Enjoys all kinds of comforts, as a result of which he also becomes selfish. opposite of this,Everyone is the youngest child in the family. Since there is no other child sharing his love, the childishness of such children goes away gradually. Middle children (middle children) become competitive. The main reason for this is that these children sometimes compare themselves with older children and sometimes with younger children. Every time he feels that the love he is getting is not enough, he gets divided into big and small. If a child in the family engages in delinquent behavior, then other children are also adversely affected. Conversely, if a child gets ahead, other children also try to move forward. The social status of the family also has an impact on the development of children. It is clear from the above considerations that family is the basis of socialization. Davis also explained the role of the family in socialization, stating that “the initial stages of socialization begin at home.” According to Samuel, “It is primarily the house where the heart opens, habits are formed.” , The intellect is awakened and the good – bad character becomes. “In the family, the child gets the same education, which helps him to become his ideal citizen and also helps in different circumstances of the society and teaches to harmonize.
Play orPeerGroup – The family is followed by the play – group, which plays an important role in the socialization process. Sports – A group is also called a game or a group of friends. Out of the family, the child plays with other children of his age. In this game-group, the child learns to follow the rules of the game, which later teaches to remain in control and follow discipline. As a result, he is restrained and disciplined in various areas and circumstances of life. This quality makes him a guide to others. Children get protection and love in the family, but in the sports group, it develops the ability to adapt to the odds. In these groups, children’s habits, interests, attitudes and thoughts are different, as they come from different families. Through the game the children establish customization all along. If he loses during the game, he is restrained. As a result, through this, he learns to be restrained even after the difficulties and failures in life. When a child violates the rules of the game, other children oppose it. All together lay emphasis on following the rules of the game. This behavior controls and directs children’s behavior. The child’s leadership, ability to take responsibility, duty, playing with his or her sports mates; The habit of accepting one’s mistake, etc., develops. All these qualities provide the basis for the personality of the child. Rijman says that the sports group is an important socializing group at the present time, because nowadays, people depend more on the same people for their guidance and direction. This is the reason that most friends give more importance to their decisions. Children who do not get friends or groups, they do not play, they do not develop independently.
Neighborhood – Family and Sports – The third place comes after the group. Children learn a lot by coming in contact with neighbors. Their thoughts, ideals, beliefs, actions and ideas have a profound impact on the personality of children. Neighbors have special affection for children. So from time to time they also praise or criticize their behavior. Children learn to behave according to the traditions and customs of their F society through the humor and satire of the neighbor. This is why people consider it necessary to have good people in the neighborhood. Children imitate the behavior of nearby people. The neighborhood thus forms an extended family.
Kinship Group – Kinship group includes all those who are related to each other by blood (and bonds of marriage. For example, parents, siblings, husband and wife, mother-in-law, father-in-law, Devar – sister-in-law, uncle – aunt, maternal uncle – aunt, etc. The thoughts, behaviors and suggestions of these relatives have a bearing on the personality of the children. When they come in contact, the children keep on learning something. While playing the roles, they learn with whom close relationships, with whom laughter – joking and mockery or distance go away. He learns from these relationships what kind of people to give respect – love and affection. Live a collaborative life after marriage. Learns. Thus his entire personality develops. These are the primary means of socialization. Apart from these, secondary means also have an important place. Some important institutions which contribute as secondary means are the following.
Educational Institutions – Schools, colleges and universities etc. come under educational institutions. The main medium of education is Pathak. Which develops new knowledge and intelligence in children. Children’s habits are formed in this period. Which is necessary for life. Educational institutions have their own rules and methods, which students have to follow. Students try to adapt themselves to their standards. Children’s mental and intellectual capacity is developed by reading there. Through books, they get to know different works and different cultures and their achievements. Individuals from educational institutions – reasonable. One gets knowledge of practical theoretical distinction. The importance of educational institutions has been going on since time immemorial. Earlier, people used to get education by visiting Guru’s house, now people go to schools and colleges and earn knowledge. Thus it is clear that educational institutions have always played an important role in the process of socialization.
Cultural Institutions – Cultural institutions also contribute a lot in the process of socialization. The work of cultural institutions is to play a major role in socialization and disorder of their personality and to introduce them to the culture of the society. Knowledge culture under culture, ethics. Ideal values etc. give a special direction to a person’s personality. In fact, under the process of socialization, human beings, who learn the qualities, thoughts and behavior, all come under the culture. Culture culminates in human behavior. With the help of culture, a person is born as a living being and becomes a human being, a social animal. Robert Beersteed says in this context, “We are not human by birth, but we become human only by acquiring our culture.” Thus culture and cultural institutions have great importance in the socialization of the individual.
Occupational group also takes the values of the business in which the person is engaged. He comes in contact with many people during his business and knows their qualities and characteristics and also acquires them. In this way, everyone related to the business, be it an officer or an agent, a manager or a customer, learns something from everyone, thereby modifying his behavior.
Caste & Class – The role of caste and class in socialization of an individual cannot be denied. Each caste has its own practices, traditions, beliefs, thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns related to food, living and living etc. This is the reason why there is some difference in the personality of people of different castes. The rites of different castes are also different, due to which socialization takes place in a different way. Similarly, the living habits, ethics, thoughts and feelings of each class are different, which affect the personality of a person. Thus it is clear that caste and class give direction to the process of socialization in their own way.
Political Institutions – Political institutions also have an important contribution in socialization. The state affects all aspects of human life. Political institutions introduce the person to law, governance and justice system. It makes a person realize his rights and duties. In modern complex societies where interpersonal relationships between individuals are formal and indirect, the role of the state is very important in determining, regulating and controlling the behavior of the individual. In the modern era, many important functions of the family are being completed by the state. As a result, the importance of the state is increasing day by day. The state is accompanied by its judiciary, by which a person who violates the rules of the state is punished. Due to this people try to live in a disciplined manner.
Economic Institutions – The role of economic institutions in socialization also cannot be denied. Financial institutions enable an individual to live. Economic institutions are concerned with the system of production, productive forces, nature of production, nature of consumption, distribution system, standard of living, trade cycle, economic policies, industrialization, division of labor, economic competition etc. The effect of all these is on the person’s interpersonal relationships, ideas. Falls on beliefs etc. For example, economic competition is not found in agricultural economy, whereas there is bitter economic competition in industrial system. The economic conditions of the society have an impact on the type, size and work of marriage and family. Thus it is clear that economic institutions affect the process of socialization of an individual.
Religious Institutions – Religious institutions have a profound impact on a person’s life. Under religion comes the notion of sin – virtue, karma – rebirth and hell – heaven. Religious institutions motivate a person to do proper, virtuous and religious works and not to do unfair, sinful, irreligious and anti-social works. Religious institutions include purity, peace, justice, truthfulness and the individual. As she develops gana. Religion makes a person fear the supernatural power and follow social rules. Davis says that religion helps in the coordination of society and personality. Religion plays an important role in the development of a person’s personality as a means of socialization.