social stratification
The term stratification is derived from geology and refers to the classification of individuals into different levels of society, in relation to which it is believed that this level of arrangement in society is exactly the same as that of the earth The layers / folds are arranged vertically on top or below each other. But this geological metaphor also has its limitations. As André Bite (1985) states, “The system of individuals in society is more complex than the arrangement of layers / folds on the earth and social layers cannot be seen with naked eyes as we can see layers of land. Huh . “When we talk about social stratification, we are focusing on the inequalities prevailing in the society in a way. In a broader sense, social stratification refers to the classification of different levels of society. These hierarchies point to classes organized on the basis of hierarchy. Many historical and cultural variations and differences are found in these classes, among which caste, estate and class are the most important. 1960 AD Since then, attention is also being paid to ethnic and gender stratification. Some important definitions are as follows.
In the words of Gisbert, “social stratification is the division of society into permanent groups or categories that are interlinked by relations of superiority and subordination.” “It is clear from this statement that social stratification is a system. Through this system, society is divided into different permanent groups or categories. Also, these different groups are bound together by the relations of highness and subordination.
According to Sutherland and Woodward, “stratification is generally a process of interaction or differentiation by which some individuals attain a higher status than others. This definition suggests that social stratification is a There is a process. By this process society is divided into different parts. In this division some get high status and others get low status.
Parsons wrote, “Social stratification refers to the division of individuals into a higher and lower hierarchy in a social system.” This statement makes it clear that social stratification is a system of division of society into upper and lower classes is .
Sorokin has written, ‘Social stratification means the differentiation of a population-specific height – into the stratigraphically imposed classes of the lower. “It is clear from this definition that society is divided into different classes by social stratification. These classes are below and above each other. That is, there is a distribution between these classes.
It is clear from the above definitions that social stratification is a system through which society is divided into several groups and classes. Each class has a fixed position that is higher or lower than each other. However, these classes and groups are related to each other.
Characteristics of Social Stratification
Universality: Social stratification is a universal process. It has been found in some form in every society. Whether it is backward society or civilized, ancient society or modern simple society or complex, social stratification can be seen. Even in communist societies claiming to be classless societies, this process is also found.
Conscious Process: Social stratification is a conscious process. It is planned in conscious condition. Generally this work is done by the elite class of the society.
Division of Society: Social stratification is a system of dividing a society into various classes. Through this, the society is divided into many upper and lower classes and each class has a fixed position. Also, work and facilities related to this condition are also obtained.
Horizontal Division: Horizontal division of society is done through social stratification. Horizontal division refers to the division where society is divided into different classes and there is equality in the status of the people of each class. For example, under caste stratification, similarity is found in the status of people of one caste.
Relationshipof Superiorityand Subordination: Social stratification divides the society into several upper and lower classes. But these classes are not related to each other, but are related. In the absence of one, the other cannot be imagined. For example, a form of social stratification is the class of upper and lower classes based on occupation under class stratification, but they are related to social relations. Similarly, on the basis of meaning there are the capitalist class and the working class and they are related to the relation of superiority and subordination.
Individual Process: Olsen has mentioned this feature. He says stratification is an individual process. Under this system, people of one level try to compete with people of another level and sometimes even opposition. Class-struggle and caste-struggle are the result of this system.
Determine of Attitude: A feature of social stratification is that it is possible to determine one’s attitude. The caste, class and status of a person is a member of a group, his thoughts and attitudes also become favorable to him. This is the reason why there is a difference in the attitude of two different classes of people.
Many Bases: Social stratification has many grounds. Prominent among these are gender, age, wealth, religion, physical and intellectual skills, species, caste etc. It is up to the society and social system to recognize whom and not in stratification.
Distinction between Caste and Class
‘(1) The caste-system is a closed class while the class-inspiration is an open or free class. The social status in a caste is determined by birth and there is no opportunity to join any other caste. In contrast, inequalities of human beings are recognized in the class system. In this, the person is given equal opportunities for progress. A person can enter from one class to another depending on his qualifications.
2 Caste neglects individual ability and competence. The situation in the square is exactly the opposite. On the strength of his ability, a person can reach the higher class of society.
- Caste is seen as a closed system of stratification and class as an empty system. Generally the nature of classes is understood to be open but in reality each class prevents a member of the lower class from coming into his class and usually establishes the relationship with the members of his class. Practically a policy of class-intermarriage is also adopted among different classes. This is why some scholars have not accepted any fundamental distinction between caste and class. Nevertheless it is certain that in its nature, actions and prohibitions there are different perceptions of caste and class which can be understood as follows
4.Janity is a closed form of social stratification whereas class has openness. No person, except one caste, can take membership of another caste. The rules of each caste also differ from other castes. In contrast, the door to membership of the class is open to all. A person can become a member of any class according to his wealth, ability, skill.
- Birth of caste membership is birth. Once a person is born into a caste, he remains a member of that caste for a lifetime. But the membership of a class is based on the actions and efforts of the individual and he can change his class by his ability.
- One does not have to try to get membership of caste but it is given by the society. This is why there is stability in caste. On the other hand, the membership of the class is the result of the individual’s personal efforts, and the change in these efforts also changes the membership of the class.
- Each caste has a certain occupation and it is the moral duty of the members of that caste to earn a livelihood by it. But in class system, a member can choose any business according to his interest and means.
- Each caste necessarily obliges its members to establish marriage relations under their own caste. In contrast, there is no fixed rule of this kind in class.
Despite this, members of one class try to establish marriage relations within their class. 6. The basis of highness in class is economic while the level of caste is determined by society. Many religious and cultural beliefs are the basis of the formation of castes. From this perspective, there is a system of many rules related to caste purity and impurity. Class-system does not include any kind of beliefs related to purity or impurity.
- In the caste-system, a lot of business is decided from birth. There is freedom to choose the occupation according to the class order. .
- Membership of caste is born. He gets it automatically from the society. In contrast, membership of the class is earned. A person could enter from one class to another with his own efforts.
Bases of Social Stratification
Caste: ‘Caste’ is a major zoological basis of social stratification. India is a vivid example of this. In this caste stratification, ‘Brahmin’ is the highest and ‘Shudra’ has the lowest position. There are several castes respectively between these two ends. This stratification is very stable and firm.
Wealth: Property has been a major basis of social stratification since ancient times. The more wealth people possess in society, the higher their status is considered. They are successful in gathering many facilities of life. On the contrary, the less wealth people have, the lower their status. This is why poverty is situationless.
Occupation: Occupation is also a major basis of social stratification. The position of the people associated with it is determined by the high and low of the business in the society. For example, some businesses are considered high and prestigious in society. Administrators, doctors, professors etc. come in this. Then on the other hand some business is considered as following, such as shaving, shoe making etc. In this way, people who are associated with administration, medicine and teaching have a higher status. Then the status of people involved in shoe making is low.
Sex: The most ancient basis of social stratification is gender discrimination. In most societies, the position of men is considered to be high in the fry of sages. The more facilities and freedom men enjoy in different areas of life, the more women do not.
Age: Age has been considered the second zoological basis of social stratification. Age is often a manifestation of a person’s mental maturity and experience. That is why in most societies, older people are given more respect, respect and special facilities.
Race: Stratification of high and low is seen in the society on the basis of racial variation. It is believed that the species is the best white species (Caucasian) because its color is white, high blood level, high mental ability and propagator of civilization. After this, respectively, according to merit, there are yellow species (Mongoloid) and at the bottom are black species (Negroids).
Religion: Religion – The basis of stratification in the dominant societies has been religion. People who are more attached to religion, religious knowledge, religious ritual and faith, their status is higher than the common people. Religious Gurus in India. The main reason for the high status of priests and religious leaders is to be associated with religion.
Politics: An important basis of social stratification is called politics. Which takes the reins of governance. Their position is high. At the same time, under the government system, stratification of high and low is seen on the basis of state power. For example, under the system of governance in India, the highest position is held by the President. Then after that, respectively, the Vice-President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, Cabinet-level Minister and Minister of State etc. come. It is thus clear that social stratification has many grounds.
Forms of social stratification
Closed Stratification: Close stratification is the stratification in which the position of an individual is determined on the basis of birth. Also, there is no mobility found in it. This system determines the work, status and convenience and inconvenience of a person by birth. The best example of this level is the Indian caste system. The caste of a person is determined by birth. But the status and status of one caste is higher or lower in the fry of another caste. For example, the status of a Brahmin is at the bottom of the top. There are many castes and tribes between these two ends. Then there is a change in their status. That is why caste is pronounced as a closed class. Close stratification is known as caste stratification.
(2) Open Stratification: Open stratification is the stratification in which the position of an individual is based on their ability, ability and efficiency. Mobility is a delivery characteristic of such stratification. According to this system, a person can achieve higher or lower status through his efforts. Also, the status once attained will not necessarily remain the same. Changes are possible. The best example of such stratification is the class-system. The basis of class is karma, by karma one can be an industrialist, laborer, professor and student. Accordingly, the class of a person is determined. Also the square is open group. A person can change the membership of his class. With birth a person attains class-status of his family. But it can increase its status on the basis of its ability and ability. In this way, it is possible to reach from lower group to lower group, lower to higher group under class system. That is why some people call open stratification as quadratic stratification.
Importance or Functions of Social Stratification
Simplify the Work: Under the system of social stratification, the ability of a person is determined. For example, through the caste system, a particular caste gets special merit and work which it has to fulfill. In the same way, under the class system, a particular class has a special ability and style of work that it has to fulfill. In this way, through social stratification, one gets to know what to do and how to do it. This leads to simplicity in functions.
Determine the Attitudes: A special importance of social stratification is the determination of human attitudes. According to the caste, class or status – group of a person, his or her moods are developed and determined. In this view, social stratification motivates a person to make his own development by making him aware of his attitudes.
Helpful in Maintaining SocialOrder: One of the importance of social empowerment is that it helps in maintaining order in the society. By this, the society is divided into different classes on the basis of birth and merit and the behavior and manner of the persons of each class is decided.
Also, such arrangements are made that individuals adopt their definite work style. This keeps the social system intact.
Helpful in Social Integration: The system of social stratification divides yo and groups into different classes. The actions of individuals of each class are fixed. A person defeats his actions and depends on the other with respect to other works. Because the needs of a person cannot be fairies only. This leads to mutual dependence between individuals and groups. This dependency is helpful in social integration.
Helpful in Social Progress: Social stratification helps in progress. The basis of the system, whether born (caste system) or merit (class system), both motivates a person to work in his own way according to social recognition. Under caste-system, caste-religion is said. According to this theory, the deeds of this birth are determined on the basis of the actions of the person’s previous birth, so their observance is mandatory. As a result, a person voluntarily performs his karma. Then in the class system, a person strives to increase more and more qualifications so that he can achieve higher status. Both these situations are helpful in social progress. Thus it is clear from the above description that social stratification shows its importance at both the individual and group level.
Helpful in Fulfilment ofNeeds: Individuals have many requirements. No person can fulfill all his needs on his own. Through the system of social stratification the actions of individuals are divided. Each person helps in fulfilling the needs of the people by doing their definite work efficiently.
Determination of Status: One of the important importance of social stratification is that it gives individuals a proper place in the society which is called its status. Not every person has the same ability, ability and efficiency in society. For a healthy society, it is necessary that status is achieved according to the ability of the individual. This need is met by social stratification.
Class
There is a group of individuals who have the same social status. Many situations are found in every society. As a result, many classes are also found according to them. When a society is divided into different groups on any basis other than birth, each group is called a class. Some important definitions are as follows
Maclver and Page, defining class, wrote, ‘Social class is that part of the community which is different from the rest on the basis of social status. “It is clear from this definition that the basis of class is social status. That is, people of similar status form a class which is different from other classes.
In the words of Ginsberg, “Class can be called a group of individuals which are similar on the basis of business, money, education, lifestyle, ideas, sentiment, attitude and behavior, or one of these two grounds.” But they should have a consciousness of equality which makes them realize one of their group or class. “Three things are clear from this definition. Class is a group of individuals, (ii) Class – There are many basis of construction – business, money, education , Lifestyle and attitude etc. and (iii) consciousness of class, which is called class consciousness.
Mawers and Engels wrote, ‘A class is formed by the joining of different individuals only when they fight against the other class as one class, otherwise they are opposing a datarey as being mutually competitive Or dashman only. “This definition makes it clear that the basis of class is conflict. That is, without conflict the speculation cannot be imagined. This conflict is based on economic interests. Based on the above definitions, one can say – class is such There are groups which are based on social and elements and which have the qualities of class consciousness.
Characteristics of class
Definite Hierarchy – Social classes are divided into certain categories. Some of these categories are ranked high and some are low. Those who are upper class members have the least number of members but the highest prestige. On the contrary, those who are members of lower class have more number of members, but they have the least importance and respect. This type of situation has a natural consequence that upper class members often take pride in being lower than members of lower class. In other words, social distance promotes noti.
Achieved System: The basis of class is karma. A person can be rich or poor, industrialist or labor, expert, professor, doctor, engineer or farmer on the strength of his work. Accordingly, its square is formed. This is how the class is earned. A person achieves this through his efforts.
Class Conflict: This feature has been mentioned by Marx. Marx says that the struggle between classes is the element that makes sense of the existence of classes in society. Without conflict, class cannot be imagined and this struggle is based on economic interests. Thus, on the basis of the concept and characteristics of class, it is clear that class is a popular basis of social stratification.
Hierarchy: A major feature of a class is called ‘stratification’. This means that there is a category of classes in a society which consists of several classes from highest to lowest. Clearly high and low levels are seen in these sections. According to this version, differences in rank, prestige and facilities are seen.
Feeling of Superiority – Inferiority: The feeling of high and low is seen in classes. Members of one class have a feeling of highness or inferiority towards members of the other classes. For example, this feeling towards each other is clearly seen between the rich and the poor.
Common Life – Members of different sections of society live their own special way. The way of life of the rich class differs from that of the middle class and the lower class. The rich class takes pride in making more and more wastage. The middle class is often stuck in stereotypes and practices and the way of the lower class is completely different from these two.
Importance of Economic Basis Modern society is capitalist or technological. In these societies there is no special relation with the membership of gender, pratu etc. Economically, prosperity or inferiority keeps dividing people into upper class, middle and lower class.
Openness and Shifting – The nature of classes is open. This means that if a person is specially qualified or efficient, then he can join any class or can be a member of multiple classes at different authorities simultaneously. To illustrate this situation, Botomore wrote that “whether or not social classes are relatively free, their authority is undeniably economic, but they are more than economic groups.” It is also common for social classes to fluctuate. Any poor person can become financially rich and join the rich class. Similarly, if the financial situation of a rich person falls completely, then he can slip from that class and go to the middle or lower class. This change in class status is automatically tailored to the economic situation.
Achieved Membership-It is clear from the above mentioned fourth and fifth feature of the social class that the membership of the class depends not only on birth but also on the ability, efficiency and economic prosperity. A person has to be active for the membership of the class. If a person belongs to a lower class, then he / she has to prove his / her ability to enter the higher class. Permanently a person is able to live in the same class according to which he has merit.
Essentiality of Classes – – – The presence of classes in society is mandatory. Not all people are equal in terms of ability, efficiency, interest, intelligence. Therefore, it is natural that individuals have their own. You should get the position and honors according to your ability. Only when this happens, the social system can remain permanently. Marxism envisages a classless society. But it is sure that such a society can never be established. .
Less Stability – Money, education, business system are of temporary nature, so the class system based on them is also a stable assumption. One who is rich today may be poor tomorrow.
Sub-classes – Social class consists of sub-classes under each class. For example, in the rich class the poti-class based on the right over money. Lakhpati-class Many sub-classes etc. are found.
Life Chances – Max Weber has pointed to ‘Life Chance’, a feature of the class. Accordingly, “We can call a group when its members have equal opportunities for certain life opportunities.”
Class Situation – Max Weaver has also attracted attention towards this feature, which is related to life opportunity. The absence or absence of property in the possession of a class leads to a specific situation in which the class resides. If the members of the class have property, then naturally they will get more earning, more purchasing and higher living standards. These opportunities jointly will create a specific situation in which members of that class will have to reside. This is the class: situation.
Common Life Style: Similarity is seen in the lifestyle of the members of one class which is also different from other classes on the other side. There is a lot of similarity in the clothes, food, house design, way of living and manner of the people of a class. Also, the family and marital relations of the members of a class are also limited to their class groups.
Class-consciousness: Class-consciousness is the basic feature of class. This means that members of each class have a sense of how their socio-economic-political status and reputation is compared to other classes. It is this spirit that binds members of a class together.
Restricted Social Relations: The social relations of members of a class are usually limited to their class. They eat – drink, get up – sit and have other interactive relationships with the people of their class. Also, they maintain a certain social distance from other classes. This is the limitation of social relations, which is a special feature of class.
Mobility: A special feature of the class is mobility. It is not based on birth, rather it is based on merit, ability i.e. workability. Consequently, a member of a lower class can join the higher class on the strength of his ability and ability. In the same way a person can go to the bottom class through failure. Thus there is impatience in the nature of classes. (
Caste
In relation to the concept or definition of caste, it can be said that this is mainly a lesson of people whose membership is based on heredity. It attains a certain place in the caste-stratum. A caste is not a community or a society in itself, but a community or a group of society whose society is a predetermined place and it is related to a certain occupation. Some important definitions are as follows
Herbert Risley, giving a definition of caste, wrote, “Caste is a collection of families or groups of families with the same name, which has its own tradition from a fictional ancestor, which may be a human or a deity. Claims Genesis, which runs the same innate (ancestral) occupation and is considered a homogeneous community by those who are entitled to such decisions or votes. 5 things are clear from this definition – (i ) Caste is a collective organization of many families, (ii) it has a name, (iii) each caste has a fictitious ancestor, (iv) it has a definite occupation and (v) it forms a homogeneous community. Is known .
According to Majumdar and Madan (D. N. Majumdar and T. N. Madan), “Caste is a closed class. It is clear from this definition that caste is based on birth. Hence the caste in which the person is born
He has to stay there till the end. In any case, caste membership cannot be changed. Caste is a closed class in this sense.
Dutta (N. K. Dutta), defining caste as encompassing the maximum characteristics of caste, wrote, “Caste is a type of social group whose members do not marry outside their caste, restrictions on food, profession There are definite, it is not possible to find an institutional division, it is not possible to change from one caste to another. This definition shows 6 characteristics of caste – (i) caste is a social group, (ii) caste is an endogamous group, (iii) Caste has restrictions on food, (iv) Caste occupation is fixed, (v) High and low stratification is found in castes and (vi) Changes in caste membership are not possible. On the basis of the above facts, it can be said that there is a system leading to caste stratification which is based on birth and prohibits food and marriage, occupation etc
Characteristics of Caste
G.S. Ghurye has discussed 6 characteristics of caste, on the basis of which it has been made more useful to understand caste. These features are as follows
Segmental Division of Society: The caste system divides the society into certain segments. The position, position and function of the members of each division is determined by birth. And they have a community spirit. Ethnic law is an ethical duty to follow.
Hierarchy: Under the caste-system, the status of each caste is one-to-one. The Brahmins are at the top of this text and the sub-castes are untouchable castes. These two people are bean jatiya. Not only this . There are many sub-castes within a caste and among them there are high and low.
Hereditary Nature of Occupation: The occupation of a person is determined by caste-occupation. Therefore, in which caste a person is born, he has to adopt a person of the same caste. There is no scope for any change in it. Thus it can be said that caste is the predominant feature of traditional occupation.
Endogamous: According to the caste-system, members of the caste can establish their own caste or sub-caste, marriage-relationship. Nobody dares to violate this rule. Westermark considered the feature to be the ‘essence of the caste-system’. The endogamous rule is still found in castes. Thus, on the basis of the above description, it becomes clear that caste-system has been a clear and important basis of social stratification in Indian society.
Restrictions on Fooding and Social Interecourse: There is a ban on food and social relations in the caste-system. Often, people of one caste do not accept food in the hands of lower castes. Along with this, many restrictions related to raw and firm food are seen. Similarly, the spirit of untouchability is found in the context of social interaction and interaction.
Social and Religious Disabilities: A special difference is seen in the polices in the caste-system. On the one hand, the upper castes do not have the same facilities and rights as the lower castes in the areas of life. Brahman is full of many rights in social, religious, economic and other areas. At the same time, untouchable castes are denied even public facilities and rights. Tax is also seen in rural areas.
Race
Species is a biological assumption. Members of each species have their own physical characteristics. These traits are basically hereditary. On the basis of these traits, one species can be distinguished from another species. Some key definitions are as follows
- L. Kroeber wrote,” A species is a certified, zoological suffix. It is a group that is related by heredity, lineage, or species trait or subspecies ” – (1) The species is used in the zoological sense. (2) It is related to physical symptoms and characteristics arising from birth.
- J. Biesanz and M. Biesanz wrote, “A species is a large group of individuals who are identified by innate physical traits.” This statement is clear – (1) Some specific physical traits of each species Occur. (2) If these specific physical characteristics are found in a large group, that group will be called a species.
- A. Hoebel, “A species is a natural zoological group that is the master of specific physical traits. These traits are found in pure form from generation to generation.” This makes it clear – ( 1) The species is a zoological group. (2) A ethnic group owns specific physical characteristics. (3) These symptoms are passed on from generation to generation. . On the basis of the above description, it can be said that the species is a very human group whose members have some similar physical characteristics. These characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another and on the basis of this, one ethnic group can be separated from the others.
Characteristics of Race
A Particular Physical Type: Some specific physical traits or characteristics of a species are common. This does not mean that the members of a species have all the same physical characteristics at each other. Common physical traits simply resemble the ‘bodily form of its species. One species can be distinguished from another on the basis of physical appearance.
Transmission of Inherited Traits: The physical characteristics or characteristics of a species are transferred from one generation to another through the process of inheritance. Genes have great importance in transferring the characteristics of a species. Those whose carriers have equilibrium will be of one species.
Large Size of Group: A species is a large human group. Its members are spread over a wide area rather than in a small area. In this way, only common physical traits or characteristics found in a large mass group will be called that group. Its members can be up to crores.
Race Endogamy: Each species adopts the policy of marrying members of its own species. Because of this, the same physical traits are found in their children, which belong to that group. Through intermarriage, each group also protects its progress from external influences and through this policy, attempts are made to reduce the possibility of mixing blood from other species.
Stratification: Stratification is seen in society on the basis of racial differences. It is believed that the species is the best white species (Kaleshian) because its color is white, high blood level, high mental ability and propagator of civilization. This is followed by the yellow species (Mongoloid) and at the bottom is the black species (negroids).
Biological Concept Species is a biological assumption. It is closely related to heredity. Is considered to be associated with Merrill wrote, “Species is a biological term that refers to the physical similarities of a large human group that is transmitted by heredity.”
Gender and Stratification
The most ancient basis of social stratification is gender discrimination. Women and men are the cornerstone of human society. Society cannot be imagined in the absence of any one. Despite this, in most societies the position of men is considered higher than that of women. Men do not have as much facilities and freedom in different areas of life as women. The basic work of women was assumed to be reproduction, care of the household and subjection to men.
When a society is conferred a high and low status on the basis of sex, this condition is known as sexual disharmony. From the very beginning in Indian society, men have dominated women as a group and their status in family and society is low. The problem of gender inequality is basically a problem related to women. In theory, the status of women in Indian society has been presented as an ideal, but in practical terms they have a discriminatory attitude and their disdain. Humiliation and torture continues even today. Even now, they are not shown seriousness to know their opinion, they are not treated like men and they are not given due respect. This is gender inequality. In the relationship between men and women, only a person with a strong personality attains an influential position. Normally, a man considers the right to give orders to a woman, although in some cases the woman is also in a position to control the man. From the very beginning in India, the status of women was not the same as that of men, but remained low. Their involvement in family and social decisions is less.
Scientists have interpreted gender inequality through various approaches. As such – biologists believe that women lack intelligence and power in comparative terms from biological point of view. That is why women are subject to men and they do not achieve the same status as men. Anthropologists believe that the initial form of social evolution was patriarchal. Men dominated the family. Women remained subordinate to men, the same gender inequality is there today. Psychologists believe that women are weaker than men in psychological terms. Consequently, their position in the family and society is lower than that of men and it is natural for them to be subservient to men. Sociologists believe that the condition of women being lower than that of men is due to society and culture. Our thinking and behavior is determined by social values and norms. Social value patterns give special importance to men. This is why women are inferior to men. As a result, problems like gender inequality developed. Thus, it can be said that when women determine their status on the basis of gender as men, then it is known as gender inequality.
Problems of gender inequality
Economic Dependency: A major problem of gender inequality is the economic dependence of women on men. A man can spend his income at will. Women are financially dependent on men on the one hand. As a result, she cannot afford her husband’s income. On the other hand, women, who are financially independent, also spend on pre-marriage and post-marriage husband’s wishes.
Role Conflict: A major problem of gender inequality is the role conflict associated with women. Today’s working women work for 8 – 10 hours in office or other places, due to which they have to face innumerable problems. The life of the house has to be adjusted by the office routine, then it is to be arranged at different points from the housework and traditional routine. This creates the problem of role conflict.
Problem Regarding Property Right: A major problem of gender inequality is the property rights associated with women. In the legal form, the daughter has rights in the property of the parents, the wife in the property of the husband and the mother in the property of the son. But in practice this is not so. Even today, the wealth of parents is shared among their sons. Even mentally, the letter does not consider its authority. In rural areas, only a few women are aware of these rights.
Political Inequalitv: A major problem of gender inequality is seen in the political participation of women. Most of the women vote for the desired person according to the will of their husband or other men of the family. Women participation is less in the political arena. According to the Panchayati Raj system, the influence of their husbands or other male members is seen in the decisions taken by the women who have been elected to the reserved place.
Marital Inequality: Man and woman enter family life through marriage process. But there is a clear disparity between the two in the marriage process. Even today, in the choice of life partner, the freedom that boys have in the choice of life partner is not available to girls. Even today, it is customary for girls to give dowry to boys.
Inequality in Family: The form of inequality between men and women in the family can be clearly seen. The responsibility of fulfilling the obligations of the family – food and drink, cleanliness, hospitality etc. is considered only for women. Domestic violence – death related to dowry, wife beating, sexual abuse, mistreatment of widows and old people, etc. – are the result of inequality.
Educational Inequality: Although there is a great increase in the education of women after attaining independence, the awareness is seen in the context of education of boys, not in the context of girls. While boys are exempted for all types of education, there is talk of giving a special kind of education in the context of girls. Even today, a special kind of education is talked about in the context of girls in rural areas. Even today the percentage of education of girls in rural areas is low.
Social Violence: The exploitation and violence that is happening to women is basically a sign of inequality. In society today, forcing wife, daughter, daughter-in-law to kill female female fetus (molestation), molesting women, refusal to share women in property, son-torture to bring dowry to bride, junior working by senior officers Abuse of women, etc. incidents are common