Sector Model

Sector Model

 

The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, was proposed by economist Homer Hoyt in 1939. It is a model of urban land use and modifies the concentrated area model of city development. The benefits of applying this model include the fact that it allows for an outward progression of development, although like all models of urban form it has limited validity. Homer Hoyt said that Burgess’s way of persuading the development around the CBD

Kass will not happen. Rather than growing in a ring manner, specific areas of land use develop from the center, often focusing on major routes.

 

 

 

Model Interpretation

 

Recognizing the existence of a central business district, Hoyt suggested that the area extend outward from the city center along railroads, highways, and other transportation routes. Using Chicago as a model, an upper-class residential area developed outward along the desirable Lake Michigan shoreline north of the central business district, while industry expanded southward into areas following the rail lines.

In developing this model, Hoyt noted that it was common for low-income households to be near rail lines and for commercial establishments to be along commercial routes. Recognizing that various transportation routes in urban areas, including railroads, seaports and tram lines, represented greater access, Hoyt theorized that cities tended to grow in wedge-shaped patterns – or areas – emanating from the central business district and centered on major transportation routes.

Higher levels of accessibility mean higher land values, thus, many commercial functions will remain in the CBD, but manufacturing functions will develop in a wedge around transport routes. Residential functions will grow in a wedge-shaped pattern with an area of low-income housing adjacent to manufacturing/industrial areas (traffic, noise and pollution make these areas the least desirable), while areas of middle- and high-income households are the most. were located far away. from these works. Hoyt’s model attempts to elaborate a theory of urban organization.

 

 

model limitations

 

This theory is based on early twentieth century transport and does not allow for private cars which are able to travel on cheap land outside city limits. [3] This occurred in Calgary in the 1930s when several near-slums were established outside the city but close to the termini of street car lines. These are now included in the city limits but have pockets of low-cost housing in moderate-income areas. [2]

• Physical Features – Physical features may restrict or guide growth with certain wedges
• Development of an area can be limited by leapfrog land use

 

Multiple Nuclei Model

 

The multiple nuclear model is an ecological model presented by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman in their 1945 article “The Nature of Cities”. The model describes the layout of the city. It notes that a city may begin with a central business district, with similar industries with similar land use and financial needs established near each other.

 

These groups influence their immediate neighbourhood. Hotels and restaurants have opened around the airports, for example E. The number and type of nuclei mark the development of a city.

C.D.Harris and E. Ullman suggested that urban development does not only come from the CBD area. But there are many growth centers in many parts of the city. Cities have a characteristic cellular structure in which specific types of land use develop around certain growing points or “nuclei” in the urban area.

The theory was created based on the idea that an increase in car ownership leads to greater mobility of people. This increase of movement allowed for the specialization of regional centers (eg heavy industry, business parks). There is no clear CBD (Central Business District) in this type of model.

 

Urbanization In Developing Countries

 

Several authors note that towns were known in Africa long before the start of the modern period. Urban centers like Meroe, Adulis, Axum were established long before Christ. Many ancient towns such as Mombasa, Mokwadisho, Benin emerged during the 7th to 10th centuries. Many famous urban centers of the past have undergone significant changes or declined.

The major African urban centers of the present day are largely the product of colonialism. Major cities established during the colonial period include: Accra (Ghana), Abidjan (Ivory Coast), Brazzaville (Congo), Kinshasa (Dem.Rep.Congo), Yande (Cameroon), Kampala (Uganda), Nairobi (Kenya), Johannesburg (A. Africa) etc.

Rapid rates of urbanization have been experienced in developing countries after the Second World War. occurs frequently in many developing countries

 

A major city called Primate City. It is several times bigger than the next largest city. Colonists used cities as collection centers where surplus produce was extracted from the hinterland and shipped to their countries, so the development of cities was important in facilitating the transfer of resources to Europe. In this process big cities were built. Such urbanization is called dependent urbanization. Unlike urbanization in developed countries, urbanization in developing countries is not a function of industrialization. Third World cities have an important place because of their colonial origins. Most of the cities are port sites located near the coasts.

The process of urbanization has accelerated mainly due to rural urban migration.

Migration has both positive and negative effects. Positive results are:

A

1. Migration relieves surplus population of agricultural sector
2. This allowed the introduction of agricultural technology on the one hand and it brought a greater labor force to the city for industrial development.

 

 

Negative Effects:

1. It diverts the labor force away from the agricultural sector
2. It creates problems of unemployment, housing, overcrowding in urban areas and serious socio-political unrest.

The argument that migration would adversely affect is not relevant in the case of Ethiopia, as the average holding size is as small as 1 hectare/per household.

Why do people migrate to urban areas? There are different explanations to answer this question:

 

1. Economic Determinant Model:
2. It can be seen in two ways. income gap model

push and pull model

 

income gap model

deals with the decision of individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas as a function of differences in wages and salaries. Accordingly, this model predicts that the amount of migration to urban areas increases as wages and salaries become higher in urban areas. Individuals calculate how much they will earn in their areas and urban areas. Migration, therefore, involves a rational decision of individuals to move towards urban centres.

Thus, rural out-migration is explained by comparing the difference in income between rural and urban environments.

Push and Pull Model:

 

According to this model migration is considered as a response of individuals to economic push and pull factors.

Push factors may include: archaic land tenure, congested land holdings, rural

Labor surplus, low agricultural productivity, etc. are factors that attract rural migrants to urban areas, including: employment opportunities, availability of social amenities, hospitals. School, etc. Hence the push and pull factors work in combination.

 

 

spatial deterministic model

 

The spatial aspect of rural-urban migration is the contribution of geographers. As the distance increases, the rate of migration decreases. Distance is inversely related to migration, that is, the rate of rural-urban migration is likely to decrease as distance increases. If the point of origin is far away from the destination, the migration will be minimal. The main theme of this model is that distance determines the rate of migration. This explanation seems valid in the case of Ethiopia. people from

 

The peripheral parts of the country do not migrate to the urban centers as much as the people living near the urban centers do.

3. Educational Deterministic Model

This model can be viewed in two ways

One. availability of educational facilities

1. Educational level of individual migrants
2. a) It is believed that higher standards of educational facilities attract migrants from other regions. In most of the developing countries, such high level educational facilities are concentrated in urban areas and act as a stimulus for rural-urban migration.
3. b) Focusing on individual migrants, it has been stated that educated individuals are more likely to be aware of and take advantage of the differential opportunities between their place of residence and other alternative places. The more educated a person is, the more likely he is to be aware of differential opportunities, and thus more prone to migration.

Summer:

so we can sum

It is noteworthy that a major part of urban growth in developing countries is due to rural-urban migration. It is the primate city (often the political capital) that attracts the most migrants. Expats love Primate City for a number of reasons. Since there is a large concentration of socio-economic activities, it provides employment opportunities for immigrant grants. Many argue that there is an urban bias in favor of primate cities when it comes to investment.

The problem is how to stop the migration of primates to the cities. Many countries attempt to reduce migration to primate cities through the establishment of secondary cities. If we encourage the development of secondary cities, the mile grant will be

 

Migrate to them. Tertiary level cities are also important. This type of policy was adopted in Ethiopia during the reign of the very first emperor.

For example: Awasa, Arbaminch and Bahirdar were deliberately established by the emperor’s government. These were intended to be the development poles of the secondary cities.

 

 

 

General characteristics of third world cities

 

1. They have colonial origins.
2. They have limited functions (administration and export). They are not wealth creators; Rather they suck out services from the hinterland and are parasites.
3. They are symbols of factionalism rather than integration and national unity. they are more regional than national
4. important place because of their colonial origin, they are mostly

port city.

5. Skewed economic structure; Tertiary economic activities are primary (service) and limited manufacturing.
6. On urbanization and primacy. cairo is about 50% of the total

urban population, adds 35%

7. Urbanization is only a demographic transition. There is no accompanying industrialization.
8. Economy c Dualism- Modern and traditional sectors co-exist side by side.
9. Spontaneous or unauthorized houses and slums. Slum areas are characterized by poor and unhygienic conditions.
10. Not all inland towns are served

The role of the town is played by periodic markets. This is done to maximize profit

 

Markets must be far apart in place and time in order to maximize demand or minimize travel costs in order to minimize the cost of maize.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Urban Problems:

 

• Slums and Squatters; Slums are characterized by unhygienic housing conditions that have deteriorated or deteriorated due to lack of care. Squatting mostly occurs on marginal land and steep slopes which are not good for development. These areas have been encroached upon by encroachers and have erected structures using plastic and old boards to shelter themselves.
• Slums and slums develop in slums. Governments have different attitudes towards slums. Slum eradication was the rule of the day in the 1960s. Later in the 1970s it became clear that the kit was meaningless for demolishing informal settlements (slums and squats) as it depletes the housing stock. It is understood that owner occupied houses are well taken care of as compared to rented houses. So if the title deeds are given to the owners of informal houses. Slums will be reformed up to the level of municipalities. Therefore, the prevailing agreement is to create a slum upgradation program instead of demolishing the slums. On the contrary, there are those who argue that this will lead to anarchy.

 

• Urbanization also has many problems like anomie, depression, crime, drug abuse, suicide and many other filth and vice. Counselors and psychotherapists became very important.

 

 

• Vulnerability and dependence on modern technology. If there is a crisis of water supply or electricity, life in the entire city will come to a standstill. This is what happens if fuel is not available for a short period of time.

 

 

• Water pollution- Fresh water is very scarce and polluted by modern technology like pesticides, mercury, lead etc.

 

 

• Air pollution is also another serious problem. The air was polluted by the smoke of cars and industry. In some countries, electrified travel and cycling are encouraged to reduce maize pollution.

 

• Solid and Liquid Waste Management- There is accumulation of waste materials, which causes environmental pollution. Organic waste can be recycled to produce compost and other useful products. The problem is that they are not recycled. Sewer problem is also a serious problem polluting the underground water.

 

• Since land is not sought for development, they often escape the attention of municipal authorities. They may also develop in core areas during times of political transition. In Ethiopia they are called “Chereka Bet” and have different names in different countries. The settlers are poor who work in the informal sector. They do not have regular income and cannot pay the rent for the accommodation.

 

• Transport – There are too many vehicles and too many goods. A large amount of city land is used for parking. Parking shops have been made in different parts of the cities. Inner and outer ring roads have been built to decongest Mecca. Various mechanisms such as roundabout traffic, zebra crossings, overpasses, underpasses, tube way systems, one W or two-way roads are used. Adjusting working hours or varying schooling hours is also used.

 

• Another problem is finance – the revenue raised by municipalities is hardly enough to cover the costs of cities. A huge amount of investment is necessary to maintain the life of the city. Municipalities need grants and compete for investment.

 

  due to traffic jam

 

 Many people are working in CBD.

 

 Narrow streets.

 

 Shortage of parking spaces – Parking of vehicles on the side of the roads leads to congestion.

 

• People are not using public transport – either because it is less convenient, too expensive or not available.

 

 More people own and use cars.

 

 

 

 

2. Urban Sprawl – Reasons for increasing Sprawl:

1) Cities are continuously getting bigger.

2) People want to live in the suburbs.

3) Modern supermarket chains want to set up new stores on the edge of town.

4) The land is cheap and there is space for a large car park.

5) Ring roads and bypasses are built around cities.

6) All these developments have meant that more countryside and agricultural land has been lost.

7) A solution? Declare a ‘green-belt’ around the urban areas. (Where development is not permitted).

 

 

3. Urban Decay (When parts of a city decline and become undesirable to live in.)

It causes economic, social and environmental problems.

 

 

 

 

 

Examples of urban decay:

 

1. a) Slum House – with toilets outside and overcrowding.
2. b) Many buildings are poorly constructed and now have leaking roofs, broken windows and crumbling walls.
3. c) Vacant buildings are demolished.
4. d) Since the factory and the residence are in the same area; Air, noise and water pollution are common.

 

Urban regeneration:

Redevelopment and renovation of existing homes is underway in many urban centers to improve the environment and economy such as:

 New Roofs.

 Repair of houses and fitting in modern facilities.

 Improvement of environment by landscaping.

 Clubs and medical centers like

Creating/improving social facilities.

 To encourage setting up of new businesses and industries in areas with grants and loans.

Ethiopian urbanization and urban centers

Starting from ancient times, Ethiopian urbanization is characterized by nomadic capitals starting from north to south. Axum_Lalibela_Gondar Shoa Various scholars with different professional backgrounds have contributed articles on Ethiopian urbanization.

Mesfin w/ Mariam = Some Aspects of Urbanization in Ethiopia in the Early Twentieth Century

Akalu w/Michael = Urban Development in Ethiopia

Jean Comhair = Urban Development in Relation to the Development of Ethiopia Roland J. Horvath = The process of urban agglomeration in Ethiopia Mesfin w/ Mariam:

Mesfin believes that there were some beginnings of urbanization in Ethiopia in the past and these beginnings were relatively short-lived due to some geographical and socio-cultural factors. This ancient country never had a permanent capital city. The three major capitals – Axum, Lalibela and Gondar are only brief episodes in the country’s long history.

 

1. a) There was a general lack of urbanization except for a few ephemeral urban centers
2. B) Continuity of urbanization

According to Mesfin, three factors are responsible for this lack of sustained urbanisation.

1. Physical
2. Social
3. Political

Physical Factors: The difficult topography of the country hinders contact between people and transport and communication become difficult. The country’s location in relation to other countries was also not favorable for centuries, Ethiopia did not have effective incentives from its surrounding neighbors, who were poor or impoverished.

Social constraints: Due to the isolation of people imposed by material constraints, society had a negative view of important occupational groups: masons, blacksmiths, weavers, potters and merchants who possessed whatever skills.

Political Obstacle: There was lack of peace in the country. There were frequent regional wars and cities were transferred from one place to another.

Akalu w/Michael:

Akalu argues that the urbanization of Ethiopia before the twentieth century is closely linked to the rise of political capitals. Until the last quarter of the 19th century, urbanization was a cyclical rather than a cumulative phenomenon. Political capitals were constantly changing due to:

1. Scarcity of Natural Resources (Food, Wood, Water)

 

2. Historical factors (dynastic changes, tribal and religious wars, external conflicts

During the first quarter of the 20th century, the process of urbanization began to be cumulative during the rule of Menelik II. The important contributory factors for the new trend of urbanization during this period were

1. Territorial Expansion
2. Development of a new system of administration
3. Development of communication and commerce
4. Territorial Expansion- By 1909, Minilk was able to bring all the southern, western and eastern regions under his control, resulting in Ethiopia nearly tripling in size.

As the country expanded, garrisons were established in all of the newly incorporated territories geographically. overtime in garri

Sons become permanent urban settlements.

Sons become permanent urban settlements.

Sons become permanent urban settlements.

Sons become permanent urban settlements.

Sons become permanent urban settlements.

1. Gorre, Nekemat, Beko etc.
2. Development of a new system of administration: Between 1889 and 1925, Minilik was able to create modern bureaucratic organs such as the Central Administration Department. The country was divided into the smallest administrative units, which were ruled by nobles and military chiefs, who were subordinate to the emperor. This achievement of the state’s bureaucracy and administration system helped in the growth of urban centres.

 

 

 

 

 

Value Of Urban Sociology

 

 

Today’s metropolises in advanced countries are standard bearers of revolutionary changes in social, political, economic and cultural movements. Due to industrialization and technological change, the process of urbanization has become very fast in advanced countries. That urbanization has also given rise to many economic, social and cultural problems.

As a result of urbanization, there has been a change in personal attitudes and trends, there has been a change in the norms and standards of marriage and family

 

 

 

has gone through a sea-change and corruption and disorganization have increased significantly. It has also given rise to serious problems of health, psychological as well as physical.

To understand and remedy this sorry state of affairs, we turn to a systematic study. And because the problems are serious and important, governments are paying close attention to them. In this context, the need of urban sociology is felt.

An urban sociologist is a social physician or engineer and, like doctors and engineers, is concerned with the organization and disorganization of urban society. Therefore, without their services, urban problems cannot be solved effectively. Thus there is a great demand for the services of urban sociologists. The services of urban sociologists are indispensable for the reconstruction of the city.