Industrialization and Westernization

Industrialization 

 

  Industrialization can be both a cause and a result of urbanization. It is often seen that where industries flourish and machines are produced in big mills and factories, the process of urbanization is active there, many cities in India have developed in the same way. In this sense, industrialization is the cause of urbanization. But it also happens that due to some other reason, the process of urbanization is activated first and now when the community takes the full form of the city, there is a gradual industrialization of the industry.

 

Concept: The process of execution of production works on a large scale by machines and development of industries in one place is called industrialization. Some authors say that “Industrialization refers to the introduction of large-scale new industries and the conversion of small industries into large-scale industries. ,

 

In real sense, industrialization is a process of development of industries on a large scale. Wilbert Moore (W.E.Moore in his book Social Change, P-91) defines industrialization as follows: “Industrialization is the term used to describe the widespread use of non-living sources of power in the production of economic goods and services (Industrialization in its strict sense of the term, entails the extensive use of inanimate sources of power in the production of economic goods and services.) Thus, according to Wilbert Moore, the main goal of the process of industrialization is to maximize profits. Also, industrialization is related to both goods and services.

 

 

  Reasons for industrialization in India: Major five-year plans have contributed to the reasons for industrialization in an agricultural country like India. During the Second Five Year Plan (1956-61), industrialization began on a large scale. Also, many other reasons can be understood from the following points

 

1. New technology of production: The rate of industrialization has increased considerably due to the invention of new methods of production. Green revolution became possible only because of new hybrid seeds and mechanization in agriculture. The invention of new textile mills gave a new shape to industrialization. Today, in the information revolution, with the advent of computer, internet, it is taking only a few seconds to send and receive information anywhere in the world.

 

2. Natural resources: The biggest requirement of industrialization is natural resources. If there is no abundance of natural resources in the country, then the pace of industrialization will stop,

 

Will go India has huge reserves of mineral wealth like iron, coal, mica etc. Petroleum is also satisfactory. India is one of the richest countries in the world in the field of water power. There are forests here where herbs are available for various diseases of the world.

 

3. Means of Transport : Industrialization

The means of transport cannot be neglected in the process of One has to accept the importance of means of transport in transporting raw materials, machines and laborers to the production centers, in taking finished goods to the markets of the country and abroad and in maintaining relations related to industry and business. Therefore, there is no importance of industrialization without traffic.

 

4. Abundance of labor force: Compared to developed countries, our country has more labor force. There are crores of landless laborers in the village who remain unemployed for most of the year, they get ready to work as laborers in industries for low wages. The cost of industrial production done by them is also less. This is such a condition as a result of which industrial development was easily possible here.

 

5. Economic Policies: One of the main reasons for industrialization in our country is more and more industrial policies of the government. A mixed economy was encouraged in India from the time of independence. In this, basic industries were developed in the public sector, while the development of other industries was left to the private sector. Many such laws were made for labor welfare and labor protection so that exploitation of laborers can be prevented and their work efficiency can be increased. This condition also proved helpful in the development of industrialization.

 

6. International Competition: Another reason for the growth of industrialization in India is the participation of India in international competition. In the present era, any country can strengthen its economic position only when it can import goods from other countries as well as produce various goods in large quantities and export them to other countries. Our economy becomes strong only by the balance of import and export. After independence, as India started participating in international competition in the economic field, industrialization increased here.

 

7. Educational Institutions: Educational institutions have a very important role in the causes of industrialization in India. There are crores of students who are pursuing various courses related to modern production through educational institutions. Therefore, along with the above conditions, new inventions, process of urbanization and expansion of banking facility and service sector etc. are the auxiliary conditions which contributed significantly to the development of industrialization.

 

Socio-economic changes as a result of industrialization: Even today India is basically a country of villages. But today the process of industrialization is also rapidly expanding its influence. The process of industrialization has brought changes in our entire social structure and our social, economic, mental, political, cultural, religious and moral life is taking a new turn. These effects of industrialization are healthy as well as unhealthy. We will now briefly discuss both types of effects here. ,

 

1. Wide range of socio-cultural contacts: One notable effect of industrialization is that as a result of this, the range of socio-cultural contacts automatically increases. It is easy to establish contact with other provinces or countries through newspapers-magazines, books, radio, only network, internet, telephone, mobile etc. of cities. All these elements prove to be helpful in expanding the area of socio-cultural contact.

 

2. More facilities related to education and training: There is more inclination towards giving proper education to their children, so along with industrialization, facilities related to education and training also expand. In some cities, facilities related to education and training are also expanded to encourage the process of urbanization. In some cities, education and training related facilities contribute more in encouraging the process of urbanization. By doing computer and many other technical courses, the chances of employment in the cities increase. Due to these facilities the importance of the city increases day by day.

 

3. Expansion of trade and commerce: Along with the development of cities, trade and commerce also progress in a definite way because along with industrialization, population increases and with the increase in population, the requirements increase and trade to meet those requirements. And expansion of commerce becomes necessary. Therefore, along with industrialization, new markets, haats, shop sets, cinemas, restaurants etc. also emerge.

 

4. Increase in the facilities of transport and communication: Along with the development of the city, the facilities of transport and communication also spread because without it the life of the residents cannot be comfortable. Civil conditions demand it. That the means of transport and communication should be expanded. That’s why along with the development of the city post office, telephone, railway station, carrier service, intset, cyber cafe etc also keep on developing and bus and taxi service, auto rickshaw etc are available inside the city. All these facilities can be expensive and soon become an essential part of civic life.
5. Political Education: Along with the process of industrialization, the activity of political parties also increases. In fact, the city is the arena of political parties.

Not only do they try very hard to spread their ideals and principles, but one political party also tries its best to humiliate the other party. As a result, the opportunity to learn political tactics is never available in the villages as much as in the cities. This is also possible because the means of transport and communication in the city are at an advanced level and participation in international political life through books, magazines, newspapers, radio, TV, posters, banners, speakers, etc. is less or less. At least it is possible for us to get information about him. This proves helpful in bringing political education to a practical level.

6. Social tolerance: One notable effect of industrialization is that social tolerance flourishes in city dwellers to a considerable extent. The reason for this is also clear. Along with urbanization, people from different religions, sects, castes, classes, races, provinces and countries come and settle, and everyone has the opportunity to mix with each other and to protect each other.

One gets the opportunity to see more closely. In this type of snake, tolerance towards each other develops.

 

7. Changes in family values and resources: Along with urbanization, there is a rapid change in family values and structure. Today, children in the cities are not respecting their parents completely, consider their stubbornness as paramount, marry the wood or boy of their choice, romance is seen in the name of going to college. Affair of working girls has become a common thing in the cities. Increase in the number of love marriages and increase in divorce is also seen more in the cities. The media and communication revolution has greatly influenced the youth. He aspires to be like his role model (at her Social Economic Effects of Urbanization). He does not pay attention to family duties. After marriage, the girl forces her husband to live in a separate house. Increase in the number of nuclear families and disintegration of joint families is continuously increasing here.

 

8. Development of Slums: Along with industrialization, when the process of industrialization continues, the population of the city goes on increasing at a very rapid pace. But new houses are not constructed in the same proportion as the population increases. Therefore, one effect of urbanization is the development of slums.

 

9. Changes in social values and relations: Along with industrialization, the individualistic ideal flourishes. Due to the importance of money and personal qualities in the cities, every person only cares about himself and spends his life to protect his interests. His effort is to develop his own individuality and to collect more and more wealth because his social prestige depends on these. Therefore, one effect of urbanization is to sacrifice community interest at the altar of personal interest. In the same way, with urbanization, personal relations turn into impersonal social relations. In big cities like Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai, there is complete lack of personal relations among people living in the same building of eight-ten floors. In the same way, on the basis of caste and creed, untouchability etc. Along with urbanization, they become weak and the social values related to them change. The phenomenon of social distance can be said to be a remarkable effect of urbanization. One political party starts humiliating the other party.

 

10. Commercialization of entertainment: Another notable effect of industrialization is commercialization of means of entertainment ie cinema, theatre, disco club, sports, only network, mobile, internet etc. All means of entertainment are organized by business organizations. That’s why they don’t take care of modesty or healthy effect as much as they are conscious of taking money from them by making them more and more attractive to the audience.

 

11. Accident, disease and filth: Accidents are more in cities. Diseases are also more due to more pollution. Different diseases related to different industries flourish. Not only this, due to the dense population in the cities, the filth is also high. Due to filth also many types of diseases surround the residents of the city. Even after trying a million, the problems of accident, disease and filth cannot be avoided as a result of industrialization.

 

12. Uncertainty in community life: This is one of the major problems of the cities and the problem is that due to this uncertainty, the sense of community or ‘we’ of the cities does not flourish. Because of which uniformity does not flourish in the life of the city. Here someone sleeps at night, someone during the day, someone is busy today, tomorrow is idle. This uncertainty is there every moment at every moment. There is no certainty whether the person who left home in the morning will return home in the evening or not. This uncertainty gives rise to elements that disintegrate community life.

 

13. Social Disorganization: Uncertainty or more variability in the status and functions of individuals and institutions generates social disorganization. The pace of social change is also faster in cities, due to which social disorganization arises. There is also a high possibility of bank failure, rebellion, revolution or war breaking out in the cities.

These are the causes of social disorganization which prove to be fatal for a healthy social life.

 

14. Family Disruption: In the cities, the mutual relation between the members of the families is not very close, because most of the members of the house either have separate ways to read, write, get training, get jobs, get entertainment etc. Have to spend more time outside the family. Because of this, the family members have little control over each other, which often proves helpful in disintegrating the family.

 

15. Personal disintegration: This is another notable problem of cities. The following five forms of personal disorganization are seen in cities, each of which is a serious problem in itself (a) Crime and juvenile delinquency: poverty in cities, housing problem, unemployment, gender disparity, drug addiction, commercial Entertainment, business cycles, competition, loose control of the family, exist, due to which crime and juvenile delinquency are seen more in the cities. (b) Suicide: Poverty in cities, unemployment, unhappy family life, severe disappointment in relation to life after failure in competition, failure in romance or love, failure in business, etc. are more likely to demoralize one political party to another. And in any of these situations, a person can get trapped in such an intolerable mental confusion that he chooses suicide to get out of it. This is the reason why there are more suicides in cities than in villages. (c) Prostitution: There are more working classes in the cities, who are forced to live alone without living with their wives and children due to the problem of houses in the cities and inflation. For this brothel is a good place of entertainment. Poverty and unemployment found in the cities also force many women to prostitution. (d) Drug abuse: Alcoholism etc. is a manifestation of personal disintegration. This problem is particularly acute in cities. The extreme form of this problem is seen when the cities

  .. is morally neutral. In India, drinking has been accepted as a symbol of social status and as a common courtesy, in large parties, ‘diners’ where high level ‘gentlemen’ of the society congregate. There is no dearth of such people in the cities who have failed in their life. This becomes more clear to us from the crowd at the liquor shops. (e) Beggary: People in the cities not only beg after being fed up with poverty, hunger and unemployment of the cities, but also give a commercial form to begging. In big cities there are owners of beggars whose work is to make beggars, to teach beggars how to beg, to mutilate or dilapidate their bodies in such a way that people automatically feel compassion. 17. Other socio-economic effects of industrialization: development of capitalist economy, unequal distribution of national wealth, economic crisis, unemployment, industrial disputes, mental anxiety and disease, conflict and competition, increase in social mobility, division of labor and specialization ‘we’ The effect of the feeling of belonging etc. are other effects of industrialization which are seen in India.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Westernization

 

Concept: Westernization refers to the process of change that occurred in various aspects of Indian life, society and culture as a result of coming in contact with the western culture that the British rulers brought with them. Dr.M.N.Srinivas has written while explaining westernization, I have used the word westernization for the changes that occurred in Indian society and culture as a result of one and a half hundred years rule of the British state. And this word is indicative of the changes taking place at various levels such as technology, institutions, ideology, values etc. ( I have used the term westernization to characterize the changes brought about in Indian and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rules and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels , technology , institutions ideology and values : M. N. Srinivas . ” Social change in Modern Indian”. University of California Press, 1966. p. 47)

 

 

Features of Westernization:

 

1. A broad concept: The concept of westernization is very broad. It includes all kinds of material and non-material changes arising from the influence of the West. Explaining the views of Srinivasa in this regard, Kuppuswamy has written that westernization is mainly concerned with three areas: (a) behavioral aspect, such as: food habits, dress, manners and behavior patterns etc.; (b) knowledge-related aspects, such as: science, technology and literature etc.; (c) Aspects related to social values, such as: humanism, secularism and egalitarian ideas, the changes in all these aspects of society due to the influence of the West are related to westernization.

 

2. Morally neutral: It is not necessary to have elements of morality in the process of westernization, that is, the results of westernization can be good as well as bad. Westernization in Indian society has happened only in a good direction; this is not the matter .

this process like this

 

3. Culture brought by the British: The word ‘Western Country’ refers to many countries like America, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy etc. There is a huge cultural difference between them. The process of Westernization which is active in India as a factor of social change is actually the influence of that form of Western culture which the British rulers brought with them and introduced Indians to it.

 

4. A Complex Process: The process of westernization involves many complex elements. This process is also related to the changes in customs, caste system, religion, family and lifestyle that have arisen as a result of scientific and technological progress in the western world. This process is also complicated because it did not affect the entire Indian society equally. The influence of westernization is more visible in the cities than in the villages and in the upper classes than in the lower classes.

 

5. Conscious-Unconscious Process: Westernization is not only a conscious process but also an unconscious process. In other words, social change has taken place in India only in a conscious way through the process of westernization; It’s not like that . Perhaps we ourselves do not know when we have unintentionally adopted many western cultural elements brought by the British. They have entered our lives unconsciously and have brought about change.

 

6. Lack of a fixed pattern: There is no single pattern or model of westernization. The ideal of westernization during the British rule was the influence of England. After independence, as India’s relations with Russia and America increased; The influence of these countries on our technology and social and cultural life increased. It is difficult to tell from the current changes taking place in the Indian society due to western influence, which country is this influence from England, America or Russia etc. It is clear that the process of westernization in our country is not based on the ideal of any one country.

 

7. Westernization is not related to any general culture: Westernization is definitely related to the influence of western countries, but something is also found in the cultural characteristics of all western countries. There is no common culture of western country. Even after this Dr. Srinivas has accepted that the process of westernization which we talk about for the social change taking place in India, is actually related to the influence of British culture. This statement does not seem very appropriate because the changes taking place in the Indian society are the result of the combined influence of many countries of the West.

 

8. Inclusion of many values: Westernization includes many such values whose nature is quite different from the traditional values of India. For example, equality, freedom, individualism, physical attractiveness, rationality and humanism are values that are considered more important in Western culture. Westernization is the name of the process of adopting these values of the West in place of traditional values.

 

Impact of Westernization on Indian Society: Dr.M.N.Srinivasa has detailed discussion of Westernization in his famous book Social Change in Modern India (P-47) and Yogendra Singh in his book Modernization of Indian Tradition (P-9) as well B. Kuppuswamy in his book Social Change in India (P-62) has discussed the effects of westernisation. Due to westernization, there has been a multifaceted change in the Indian society, which can be seen from the following points

 

1. Change in Caste System: The biggest impact of westernization on social life was that caste bondage, the feeling of untouchability has ended. This process laid more emphasis on social equality. Due to its effect, the person slowly started to understand that the division of castes and the system of high and low among them is not a divine creation but a planned social policy. As a result, most of the people started opposing the caste rules. The result of this is that today the social contacts related to caste related to food-drinking, untouchability and business have completely ended. The lower castes started raising their social status by imitating the practices of the upper castes. Today, with the removal of all social and economic disabilities of Scheduled Castes and other backward classes and giving them special voting rights, the entire structure of the caste system has been shattered.

 

2. Changes in the status of women: Due to Westernization, changes in the status of women started taking place. With this effect, when personal freedom increased, then women also tried to increase their economic self-reliance by entering into various professions and services. Increasing rights of women in family, marriage and public life today is the result of these conditions. Changes in the attitudes of men towards women are also influenced by the ideology of western culture which gives importance to humanistic and egalitarian values.

 

3. Change in joint family: Due to the influence of westernization, personal freedom is helpful in the advancement of the individual. For this reason people separate from the joint family and establish a single family in the cities. This culture has

He inspired them to enhance their abilities and skills to achieve high status and use their earned income with freedom. Due to this idea being against the joint family system, those people who were more capable and courageous started leaving the joint family. As a result, there was a rapid increase in nuclear families. Influenced by the ideology presented by westernization related to equality and material happiness, women also started favoring personal freedom and small family. When women entered different economic sectors, it was no longer possible for their family to remain united. The result of this is that today apart from the cities, there is continuous decrease in the structure of joint families in the villages as well.

 

4. Change in customs: Westernization brought about a vast change in customs, manners, living, eating habits, lifting and sitting, methods related to each and every sphere of life. For example handshake, good morning, sorry, pant-shirt etc.

 

5. Changes in marriage: As a result of westernisation, co-education, opportunity for men and women to work together, instead of following the rules of endogamy, it is considered better to choose a suitable life partner. As a result of this, on the one hand, the practice of delayed marriages increased, and on the other hand, many educated and aware people started doing inter-caste marriages. At this time marriage was seen as the basis of a healthy family life. As a result, on the one hand, the number of divorces started increasing, and on the other, the rules related to endogamy and exogamy started weakening. Along with this, the trend of marriage with the person of one’s choice increased, which is called love marriage.

 

6. Changes in religious life: Due to the influence of the culture of westernization, there is a wide change in the attitudes of superstitions, rituals and bad practices based on religion. When Christian preachers started motivating people to accept Christianity by drawing attention towards superstitions and bad practices prevalent in Hinduism, then Hindus themselves also got inspiration to evaluate the customs based on their religion. At this time, educated and prudent people started opposing Devavasi practice, untouchability, sati-practice, child-marriage, control over widow-marriage and low status of women etc. dedicated by religion. Impressed by the ideal of humanism and social equality presented by the Christian missionaries to the people, many reformist sects in India tried to bring useful changes in Hindu religion by clarifying the importance of religious equality, human service and fraternity. The role of Arya Samaj and Ramakrishna Mission is more important. Due to the influence of the ideology of westernization, the effect of ghost-ghosts and sentimentality started decreasing, along with the change in the ideology of rationality and karmaism. Along with this, secularism developed.

 

7. Increase in individualistic and materialistic values: Due to the influence of westernization importance is given to the development of meaning through hard work and its use in the interest of individuality. These are the conditions due to which secondary and interest-oriented social relations started increasing instead of primary relations in our society. Today, the importance of showing off is increasing even in family and friendship relations. Most of the people take more interest in those works from which they can get personal benefit. Traditionally, a person’s income was considered to be the moral right of all his close blood relatives, but today a person considers it appropriate to use his success only for personal interest. This change of attitudes and ideas has affected the form of all the traditional institutions of India.

 

8. Changes in Politics: Due to the influence of westernization, democratic and democratic institutions also started developing in our country. The British governance system was based on capitalist ideals, which itself was compounded by several social defects. As a result of the reaction of these defects, communist, socialist and individualistic political ideas and principles also spread in this country.

 

9. Development of Humanism: Dr. M. N. Srinivas says that westernization includes some special values which we can address as ‘Humanism’. ‘Humanism’ is such a feeling in which special importance is given to the imagination of human beings without paying attention to the caste, economic status, age, gender and religion of the person. such feelings

As a result, consciousness about human rights has arisen in all sections of the society. The special rights given to the lower castes and backward castes in our society only explains the increase in humanism. The British believed that when the consciousness of their rights would arise in the neglected and backward sections of the society, then these sections themselves would start demanding equality. This work could not be done during the British rule, but after independence, these classes have started demanding their rights and equality in all areas of urban, rural and tribal areas.

 

10. Growth of Nationalism: Western culture, education and ideologies have not only made us aware of the world

Not only did it bring them into contact with the national life, but also created a cultural commonality among the various diametrically opposite groups within the country. Seeing this cultural similarity and other foreign nations, a new wave of unity and nationalism was seen in Indian life.

 

11. Changes in the economic sector: As a result of westernization, the means of transport improved and industrialization increased, due to which the economic self-sufficiency of the village gradually ended and the commercialization of agriculture started. Another effect on the economic life of the village was the destruction of village industries, as home industry could not stand the competition of machine industry. At the same time, the old land system prevalent in the village was abolished and the Zamindari system was developed. Thus an exploitative system started in the village. On the other hand, industrialization in the city resulted in rapid economic growth. Big mills and factories were established, the use of machines increased day by day and production started on a large scale. Due to advancement in the means of transport, not only inter-state trade increased, but inter-state trade also increased, due to which the country’s trade and commerce also progressed. Today, the government policy of globalization and liberalization in business is also a result of westernization in a way.

 

12. Changes in literature: Western education and culture have also influenced the literature of various Indian languages. English literature is considered very rich in all the modern literatures of the world. The English language provided Indian scholars and writers the opportunity to read and understand these English literature and the literature of other languages of Europe and to benefit from it. Due to this, western literary style, content and ideas started being included in the literature of Hindi as well as all other provincial languages and their modernization took place. In the novels and stories of Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, Rabindranath Tagore, Bankimchandra Chatterjee, the main problems of the Hindu society got a place, which was the influence of the British rule literature. In the last phase of the 19th century, influenced by the British rule and education, some writers of Bengal wrote about social reform and national enthusiasm in their literature. Among them, ‘Anand Math’ written by Bankimchandra Chatterjee is called the Bible of Indian Nationalism. In this book, he wrote the national song ‘Vande Mataram’ 1. In this way, westernization has brought multifarious changes in the Indian society, which have affected all areas of family, marriage, kinship, religion, education, literature, art, music, customs, economy, political system.

 

 

 

 

 

Difference between Sanskritization and Westernization:

 

1. Westernization occurring in Indian society 1. Sanskritization is an endogenous process occurring in Indian society. Its wali is an exogenous process. Its source is in the Indian society itself, the existing source is outside the Indian society. There is a western country.

 

2. Sanskritization is a very ancient process 2. Westernization is relatively a modern process.

 

3. Sanskritization is a narrow process 3. Westernization is a broad process. Because it is related only to the following because it is related to all castes and castes. from classes.

 

4. In Sanskritization the lower castes try to raise the traditional social level by imitating their own culture by imitating the western upper castes. Makes an effort

 

5. Sanskritization according to Srinivas. 5. From westernization there are only postural changes and from structural only postural changes, both types of changes take place. not structural.

 

6. The ideal model in sanskritization is higher 6. The ideal model in westernization is a varna or a local dominant caste. It is a western country.

 

7. Puritan ideals in sanskritization. 7. Importance is given to worldly ideals in westernization. importance is given.

 

8. Sanskritization brings more mobility than 8. Westernization brings.

 

9. The reverse process of Sanskritisation. 9. Any opposite process of westernization is called Sanskritization. Although western countries are influenced by non-western countries.

 

10. Economic prosperity and political power. 10. Factors contributing to Westernization are the major contributing factors in Sanskritization. Prediction cannot be made.

 

 

  Difference between sanskritization and modernization:

 

1. Sanskritization in Indian society. 1. Sanskritization is an endogenous process taking place in the Indian society. It is an exogenous process. Its source is in the Indian society itself, that is, the source exists outside the Indian society. There is a western country.

 

2. Sanskritization is a very ancient process. 2. Modernization is relatively a relatively new process.

 

3. Sanskritization is a narrow process. 3. Modernization is a comprehensive process because it is related only to the following because it is related to castes in all areas. from change.
4. In sanskritization, the lower castes try to imbibe modern values to raise their traditional social status by imitating the higher castes. tries to

 

5. Sanskritization according to Srinivas 5. Modernization leads to structural and structural changes only, both structural types

changes are not structural. There are

 

6. Ideal model in sanskritization High 6. Ideal model in modernization is any varna or local dominant caste. can also be western country, america or other modern country

 

7. Puritan ideals are given importance in sanskritization. 7. Modernization gives importance to worldly ideals. importance is given.

 

8. Relatively less due to sanskritization 8. Relatively more mobility comes from modernization. Mobility ensues.

 

9. The opposite process of sanskritization 9. Any opposite process of modernization is called Sanskritization. Although traditionalism and fundamentalism are being encouraged in some countries.

 

10. Economic prosperity and political. 10. Various supporting forces in modernization are major contributing factors in sanskritization which are not predictable factors. can be imposed.