Processes of Social Change

Processes of Social Change

 

The concept of Sanskritization

 

The concept of Sanskritization was used to describe the process of cultural mobility in the Indian social structure.  In the analysis of social and religious life of the Coorg people of South India, the famous Indian sociologist, Prof. Shri Niwas first used this concept.  While studying the Coorg people in Mysore, Prof. M.N Sri Niwas observed that people belonging to the lower castes followed the Brahmins in imitating certain practices and giving up some of their own practices like eating meat, using alcohol and animal sacrifice etc.  Were engaged  They were doing all this so that their position in the system of ethnic variant could be elevated.  They were trying to elevate their status by adopting the costumes, food habits and rituals etc. of the Brahmins.  He followed the way of life of the Brahmins by presenting a demand for achieving higher status in the system of caste transmission in one generation, Prof. Srinivas initially used the word ‘Brahmanisation’ to describe this process of mobility.  .  But later it was considered more appropriate to use the concept of ‘Sanskritization’ in its place.  Prof. Srinivas in his book ‘Religion and Society among the Cougars of South India’ used a suffix called Sanskritization to express the dynamics.  According to him, “Caste status is far from the rigid system in which the status of each constituent caste is fixed forever.  Mobility has always been possible here, and especially in the central parts of the system of stunting, a lower caste is able to elevate its position in the system of stagnation by becoming a vegetarian in one or two generations, except alcoholism and by culturalizing their rituals and deities.  She goes.  In short, as far as possible, she would have adopted the practices, rituals and beliefs of the Brahmins.  Generally, the Brahmin system of life was often adopted by the lower castes, although in principle it was forbidden.  This process is called Sanskritization rather than Brahmanization.  “Dr. Yogendra Singh has written that Sanskritization is a more elaborate concept than Brahmanization. Prof. Srinivas himself felt that the process which inspired the lower castes to follow the customs of the Brahmins in Mysore, the following  Among the castes was a typical example of a general tendency to emulate the cultural practices of the upper castes. In many cases the upper castes were A Brahmins. They were Kshatriya castes, Vaishyas etc. in different parts of the country. Meaning of Sanskritization: Prof.  Srinivas, defining Sanskritization, wrote, “Sanskritization is the process by which a lower Hindu caste or a tribe or some other group, in the direction of a higher and often Dwij caste (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas) their customs, rituals,  Processes of social change change ideology and way of life.  “Ordinarily, after such changes, the caste system in the system of low caste ethnic stratification has claimed a higher status than it traditionally enjoys in the local community. Dr. BR Chauhan wrote clarifying the meaning of the concept called Sanskritization.  Is, “It is a tool by which we can know the process in which the lower caste and tribes change their behavior and way of life according to the higher characters of Hindu society.”  According to Prof. Srinivas, along with Sanskritization generally and consequently, the caste concerned is moving upwards, but mobility is possible without Sanskritization, or Sanskritisation is possible without mobility.  But as a result of Sanskritization related dynamics, there are only transitional changes in the state and there are no structural changes ie one caste rises above the other castes and the other comes down.  But all this inevitably happens in a permanent institutional system, the system itself does not change.  To further clarify the meaning of Sanskritization, Prof. Srinivas wrote “Sanskritization does not only mean adopting new practices and habits but also expressing new ideas and values ​​which are related to purity and secularism and which Sanskrit literature  Karma, Dharma, Sin, Pranya, Moksha, etc. are words which are related to religious Sanskrit literature. When people are Sanskritised, they use these words spontaneously. It is clear from the above description.  That Sanskritisation is the process through which any lower Hindu ethnic group or a tribal group tries to elevate their position by changing their entire way of life towards the upper castes or varnas, claiming to be higher in the system of ethnic extension  Prof. Srinivas initially emphasized the Brahmanical model as the ideal of Sanskritization but later on realized that in addition to this the Kshatriya and Vaishya models were available.  , Vaishya and elsewhere the life pattern of any other Prabhu caste has also been followed.

 

Features of Sanskritization:

 

  1. The process of Sanskritization is related to the following Hindu castes, tribes and some other groups.  In order to elevate the social status of their group in the system of distribution under the Hindu caste system, suitable groups have resorted to Sanskritization.  The Bhil, Oraon, Santhal and Gond and hill people of the Himalayas are included among the tribal people who tried to elevate their social status through Sanskritization and become a part of Hindu society.  Those people come under other groups, which are related to other religions and cultures rather than Hindu religion and culture.

 

  1. Under the process of Sanskritization, the way of life of the upper castes is imitated, their practices, customs, food, beliefs and values ​​are adopted.

 

  1. There are more than one ideals or models of Sanskritization.  That is, the lower castes and some tribal groups did not follow the Brahmins as ideal only, but also

 

followed the Vaishya and any local Prabhu caste, adopted their lifestyle.  Pocock has stated that the ideal for the lower castes are those castes above which they are most closely related.  Prof. Srinivas has also accepted Pocock’s statement as correct.

 

  1. The process of Sanskritization involves the idea of ​​advance socialization.  Dr. Yogendra Singh considers Sanskritization to be an advance socialization, that is, a lower caste group socializes for two generations in the direction of a higher caste lifestyle so that in future it will get a higher status in its local community.  Any ethnic group can easily succeed in this endeavor at a time when its political and economic power starts increasing or it gets connected to a monastery, pilgrimage center etc.

 

  1. A key feature of Sanskritization is that it is a process expressing a gradual change, not a structural change.  This means that through Sanskritization, the status of an ethnic group rises slightly above the surrounding castes, but there is no change in the caste-state itself.  The process of Sanskritisation expresses social mobility.  This is likely to rise above any lower ethnic group.

 

  1. The process of Sanskritisation expresses social and cultural change.  Milton Singer has written “MN Srinivas’s theory of Sanskritisation is the most widely and widely accepted anthropological theory of social and cultural change in Indian civilization.” This is to say that Sanskritisation is not merely a process of social change.  Rather, it is also a process of cultural changes.  Changes in the field of language, literature, music, science, philosophy, medicine and religious legislation etc. as a result of Sanskritization are only under cultural changes.

 

  1. The process of Sanskritisation is related to the group and not to an individual or family, through this process any ethnic or tribal group tries to elevate its position.  If a person or a family does so, it has to bear the wrath of not only other castes but also other members of its own caste.

 

  1. Based on the studies of scholars named Bernard Cohan and Harold Gould, Prof. Srinivas has said that while the lower castes are culturalizing their lifestyles, the upper castes are moving towards modernization and secularization.  Prof. Srinivas himself felt that in his beginning the Brahminic ideal of Sanskritization was stressed more than necessary.  The reality is that Brahmins have not always been the ideal of Sanskritization.  Pocock discusses the Kshatriya ideal existence.  Milton Singer has stated that not only one or two ideals of Sanskritization are found, but at least three if not four exist.  People of the first three varnas are called Dwijs because they have Upanayana rites and have the right to perform Vedic rituals in which the mantras of the Vedas are recited.  According to Srinivasa, Brahmins in the “Dwij” classes are most careful with regard to carrying out these rites, and therefore they can be considered the best model of Sanskritization than others.  But we should not forget here that there is considerable variation in the Brahmin varna itself. Brahmins, Kshatriya and Vaishya varna have also been the ideals of Sanskritization.  In different parts of the country, all groups that claim to be Kshatriyas and Vaishyas have traditions of military work and trade respectively.  There is no tradition of Kshatriyas and all Vaishyas in different parts of the country.  Many of these people do not have all the rites that are considered necessary for the Dwij classes.  Some groups have imitated Brahmins, sometimes Kshatriyas and Vaishyas elsewhere, have adopted their way of life.  The castes like barber, potter, teli, carpenter, blacksmith, weaver, shepherd etc. are near untouchable or untouchable groups just above the desecration line.  These castes represent the castes of the Shudra class.  Based on the observation of Prof. Srinivas, it is a feeling that in the broad category of Shudras, the Sanskritization of some other castes has been very less.  But irrespective of whether they have been Sanskritised or not, the dominant cultivating castes present local ideals of emulation and as Paukak and Singer have observed, it is only through such castes that Kshatriya (and other) ideals have been adopted.  Local dominant caste (Prabhu caste plays an important role in the process of Sanskritization. If the local dominant caste is Brahmin, then the ideal of Sanskritisation will be of Brahmin type and if it is Rajput or Vaishya, then the ideal will be of Rajput or Vaishya type. Prof. Srinivas.  According to, though Brahmani rituals and practices spread among the lower castes over a long period of time, the locally dominated sovereignty was also emulated by the rest of the people and often these locally dominant castes are not Brahmin  It can be said that in many lower-caste castes, Brahmanical practices arrived as a chain reaction, ie each group received something from a group higher than its own and gave something to the group below it.

 

Major Sources and Factors:

 

1.Under the caste system, not only different castes are considered higher or lower than each other, but also some special types are not high and others in businesses, food, clothing, jewelery etc.  It is considered low.  In the system of storage, those castes are considered high, who do not eat vegetarian food, do not use alcohol, do not offer blood sacrifices and do not do any related business or trade to the things which bring impurity.  The status of the upper castes is considered high in this system of emanation, so the caste desirous of elevating its position imitates the higher caste and ultimately the Brahminical way of life.  Prof. Srinivas has stated that those conservatively accepted valid beliefs have helped in the spread of Sanskritization among the lower castes.

First, the Adivasi castes were allowed to perform rituals, but they were not allowed to pronounce Vedic mantras while performing it.  Thus rituals were separated from the mantras spoken on that occasion.  As a result, Brahminic rituals spread to all Hindus and even to the untouchables.  Secondly, a Brahmin priest performs marriages with these people.  The only difference is that he does not speak Vedic mantras on this occasion and speaks Mangalaptak sources, which are culture compositions after the Vedas.  These are two such conventionally accepted valid beliefs that helped the Adivaj castes to perform many rituals. .  These two beliefs led to the spread of Sanskritization among all Hindus, even among the untouchables.  During the process of Sanskritization, Brahminical institutions and values ​​also spread among the Adivaj castes.  When an ethnic group is Sanskritised, it becomes a higher caste entity, usually a Brahmin or any other local dominant caste.  When the Yogi is Sanskritised, then some words used in Sanskrit religious texts like Sin, Punya, Dharma, Karma, Maya and Moksha etc. are used in their conversation.

 

  1. Under the traditional caste stage, some amount of group mobility was possible, that is, there was a slight change in the status of the groups.  This was possible with the fact that among the castes that came in the middle region of the system of ethnic stratification, there was ambiguity regarding the mutual status, the status of Brahmins and untouchables at the two ends was fixed in the system of social stratification but mobility among the castes.  Due to the increase of opportunities to earn money during the British period, the mobility of this group increased, at this time people of lower castes got opportunities to earn money.  After earning a considerable amount of money, they claimed a high status for themselves and some groups were also successful in achieving it.

 

  1. According to Prof. Srinivas, improvement in economic condition, attainment of political power, education, leadership and desire to rise up in the system of expansion are the relevant factors for Sanskritization.  In each case of Sanskritization, all the above relevant or some of these elements remain in definite quantities in different quantities.  No group automatically attains high prestige through Sanskritization.  This group clearly has to submit a claim to be related to Vaishya, Kshatriya or Brahmin varna.  Such a particular group has to change its customs, food and way of life in the right amount.  If there is any kind of inconsistency in their claim, then they have to create a proper fictional narrative for it to remove the inconsistency related to their claim.  In addition, an ethnic group that wants to elevate its position in the system of storage has to wait indefinitely, ie, one or two generations.  After a generation or two, it is likely that the claim of high status should be accepted by the people.  But it is not necessary that the result of Sanskritization will always result in the high status of Sanskritization caste and this is completely clear by the example of untouchables.  Despite Sanskritization, the status of untouchables was not elevated.

 

  1. When any one part of a caste or caste attains secular power, it generally means the adoption of traditional symbols of high status, customs, rituals, thoughts, beliefs and way of life etc. It also means that different  The process of Sanskritization enabled some degree of mobility in the manner of obtaining the services of a Brahmin priest for performing the rites, observing the festivals of the Sanskritic Panchag, visiting the famous pilgrimage places, and acquiring more knowledge of the Dharma Shastras.  Anulom marriage is also responsible for this type of mobility.  An ethnic group wanted to include itself in groups considered to be higher than themselves, and the Anulom marriage made it

73 Institutional tools presented for social change processes.  It is necessary to emphasize here that as a result of the dynamics of caste in the traditional period only specific changes have taken place in specific castes or their sub-divisions and there are no structural changes, that is, different castes rise or fall, but the whole structure  Remained the same

 

  1. The development of means of communication and transport has also brought Sanskritization to different parts and groups of the country which were previously out of reach, and the spread of literacy has made Sanskritization reach to those groups which were very low in the system of ethnic distribution.  .

 

  1. City temples and shrines have been other sources of Sanskritisation.  Appropriate opportunities have been available to spread cultural ideas and beliefs among the people gathered at these places.  The Bhajan congregations, Harikatha and Sadhus – ascetics have given considerable amount in the spread of Sanskritization.  Trained priests in large cities, Sanskrit schools and colleges, raids and religious organizations have given yoga in the process.

 

 Concept of Sanskritisation: A Critical Approach:

We shall consider here some of the shortcomings of the concept of Sanskritization which are as follows

 

  1. Prof. Srinivas himself has accepted that Sanskritization is a quite complex and heterogeneous concept.  It is also possible that it would be more beneficial to consider the sum of several concepts rather than considering it as one concept.  They are of the opinion that as soon as it is known that Sanskritization is a hindrance rather than aiding in word analysis.  It should be left unsaid and immediately.

 

  1. Prof. Srinivas has said some conflicting things about the concept of Sanskritization and has written, “Sanskritisation can happen without any group, economic upliftment”.  In one place, he wrote, economic upliftment, accumulation of political power, education, leadership and the desire to rise up in the system of expansion, etc. are appropriate factors for Sanskritization.  “Written elsewhere,” no group automatically attains high status as a result of Sanskritization, constant Sanskritisation of the castes and structural changes “. Prof. Srinivas wrote elsewhere,” No untouchable group no matter how much Sanskritisation.  Otherwise, he will be unable to cross the barrier of untouchability.  “It is clear from the appropriate statements that many inconsistencies are found in the concept of Sanskritization, there are conflicting things.

 

3.Prof. Srinivas believes that vertical social mobility is possible through the process of Sanskritisation, by this process a low  The caste is able to elevate its position in the system of caste propagation by becoming vegetarian in one or two generations, renouncing alcohol and culturalizing their rituals and deities, but it is doubtful whether this actually happens.  In relation to this, Dr. D. N. Majumdar has written that such a situation can be imagined in theoretical and only theoretical form, when we focus on specific matters then our knowledge and experience of caste dynamics regency in terms of theoretical recognition  It does not get right. Chamar must have progressed a bit in his basic social position: whether he has become organized as a community, whether he has stopped drinking alcohol, widows – marriages, marriages and even eating meat.  Be given, but Is there any one example of vertical rise in the system of new social settlement?  The spread of the Chamars is of an inelastic type, and the same is true of the other lower castes.  The lower castes regard caste mobility as a horizontal movement (movement), while the Brahmins and other upper castes consider such mobility as an ascension.  Some of the facts that have been obtained in relation to caste dynamics express horizontal mobility rather than vertical mobility.  It is clear from these factual observations and views of Dr. Majumdar that through the process of Sanskritisation no lower caste is lifted up vertically.  Does not become equal to the upper castes.  Rather, she rises up from other castes of her own or in different disciplines of her own caste.

 

  1. Dr. Yogendra Singh considers Sanskritisation as a process of cultural and social mobility.  Sanskritization is a process of cultural and social mobility in these periods of relative Hindu social order.  It is an inherent source of social change.  Sanskritization from a social psychological point of view is a culturally specific case of universal motivation for advance socialization towards a higher group culture in the hope of improving its position in the future.

 

  1. B. Kuppuswamy considers the reference group ‘process of Sanskritisation as an example of moderation, but it is impossible to gain membership of reference group in Indian society because of the caste system based on birth.  In such a closed society it is impossible for a person to change his ethnic group and take membership of another ethnic group.  Advance socialization in a relatively closed social structure would be inappropriate for an individual because he would not be able to become a member of the group he aspires to become, in the absence of mobility.  We agree with B. Kuppuswamy when he says that something is possible, that only minor changes can be made under Varna.  It is clear that Sanskritisation is not a process by which structural changes are possible in Hindu society.

 

  1. Prof. Srinivas himself believes that in the past, many dominating castes have achieved high positions in the system of emanation either by state order or by organization of independent political power.  KM Panicker believes that in the fifth century BCE, all the so-called Kshatriyas came into existence by taking possession of power by the lower castes and as a result they acquired Kshatriya – role and social status.  According to Dr. Yogendra Singh, the process of Sanskritization here expresses the rise or fall in the Indian history of groups dominated by struggles and war by the rise and fall of power and by political stakes.  All of these are examples of structural changes that are not fully understood by a concept like Sanskritization.  It is clear from the above description that it is not a very suitable concept to describe the process of cultural change.  In this regard, Dr. D. N. Majumdar has written that we are not happy with the tool we have used to describe the process of cultural change.  The same thing FG Bailey wrote in his book “Cast and ‘The Economic Frontier’.  Sanskritization expresses a pool of concepts and is an unsympathetic or loose concept that is without any special qualities.  The wide extension given by Mr. Niwas to this concept makes the justification of its use impossible, especially in the context of vertical and horizontal mobility.

 

 

 Modernization:

Scholars conceptualized modernization in order to understand the changes in western societies due to changes in traditional societies or industrialization and to reveal the differences in both.  On one side he kept the traditional society and on the other side modern society.  Thus he gave birth to traditional versus modernism.  In addition, when Western scholars discuss the changes taking place in the colonies and developing countries, they resort to the concept of modernization.  Some people have considered modernization as a process and some as a byproduct.  Eigen Stand considers this to be a process, writing that “historically modernization is a process of transformation towards social, economic, and political systems of that sort in Western Europe and North America from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, and South America Asian in the twentieth century.”  And developed in African countries. “The process of modernization does not reveal changes in any one direction or region, rather it is a multi-direction process.  Also, it is not tied to any kind of values.  But sometimes its meaning is taken from good and desired change.  For example, when someone says that social, economic and religious institutions are being modernized, then their purpose is not to criticize but to show goodness.  To clarify the concept of modernization, so far many Western and Indian scholars have expressed their views from time to time and addressed this concept by many names.  Some of the prominent scholars who have expressed their views on modernization are Wiener, Aytor Lerner, Beck, Alex Inklax, AR Desai, Y Singh, MN Srinivasan, Edward Shill, WC Smith etc.  The words modernization, Englishization, Europeanization, Westernization, urbanization, development, development, etc. have also been used as synonyms of the term modernization.  Like industrialization, urbanization and westernization, modernization is also a complex process.

 

 Modernization Definition and Meaning:

Till now various scholars have written a lot on modernization and defined it in many ways.  Here we will mention the definitions and ideas presented by some scholars.  Massmin J. Levy has defined modernization as a technological tree.  I consider each of these two elements to be the basis of continuity.  It is clear from the above definition that Levi has considered inertial sources of power such as petrol, diesel, coal, hydropower and atomic power and the use of machines as the basis of modernization.  How much a particular society will be called depends on how much root power and machines have been used there.

 

 

Dr. Yogendra Singh has stated that the meaning of being modern is generally taken from ‘fashionable’.  They consider modernization to be a cultural endeavor that includes rational attitude, universal outlook, perceptive scientific world view, humanity, technological progress etc.  Dr.  Singh does not consider modernization to be the ownership of any one ethnic group or cultural group, but the right of the entire human society.  Daniel Lerner in his book The Passing of Traditional Societies Modernizing the Middle East has accepted modernization as a Western model.  He mentions the following features inherent in modernization

(a) Increasing urbanization
 (b) Increasing literacy
(c) Increasing literacy Participating in meaningful thought regulation of educated people by using various means like newspapers, books, radio etc.  Enhances
(d) All of these increase the efficiency of human beings, economic benefit to the nation which contributes to increase per capita income.
(e) It helps in improving the characteristics of political life.

 

Learner expresses appropriate characteristics as strength, youthfulness, dexterity and rationality.  They accept modernization primarily as a state of mind, inclination towards growth rather than progress, and readiness to adapt to change.  Paranubhuti is also a main element of modernization in which the tendency of other people to participate in happiness and misery and to help them in times of crisis increases.  Eisenstadt in his book Modernization: Protest and Transformation has expressed the modernization in various fields as follows

 

(a) In the economic field: high level of technology.

(b) In the political arena: spread power in the group and provide power to all adults (by suffrage) and participate in democracy through means of communication.

(c) In the cultural field: increase in the ability of adaptation with different societies and increase in sensitivity to the circumstances of other people.

(d) In the field of structure: Increase in size of all organizations, increase in terms of complexity and differentiation.

(e) In ecological zone: increase in urbanization.

 

Dr. Raj Krishna has shown modernism to be more comprehensive than modernization, showing the difference between modernization and modernity.  Accordingly, modernization indicates a civilization in which high level of literacy and urbanization as well as vertical and geographical mobility, high per capita income and high level of economy from initial level to level of scarcity (beyond the point of origin)  Has gone).  Modernity, on the other hand, refers to a culture whose characterization is characterized by rationality, a broad-based liberal approach, diversity of opinions and various decision-making centers, truthfulness of different fields of experience, secularism, ethics and the personal world of the individual.  As a respect for

CE Blake historically accepted modernization and considered it a process of change that developed in Western Europe and North America in the seventeenth century, in social, economic and political systems of the twentieth century.  America and Europe etc. have been moving towards countries.  Modernization is the result of an attitude in which it is believed that society can and should be changed and change is desirable.  Modernization involves adjusting to the changing functions of a person’s institutions, thereby increasing the knowledge of the person resulting in control over the environment.  According to Blake, modernization began with Europe and America, but by the twentieth century it spread throughout the world and changed the nature of human relations.

 

Dr. S.C. Dubey considers modernization to be full of values.

 

1Use of root power to solve human problems.

(2) It is done collectively rather than individually.  Complex organizations are created as a result.  Education is considered as a powerful means of modernization because education enhances knowledge and brings changes in values ​​and currents which are very necessary to reach the objective of modernization.  Dr. MN Srinivas has expressed his views regarding modernization in ‘Social Changes in Modern India (1966) and Modernization: A Few Curies’ (1969).  You do not consider modernization to be a neutral term; according to you modernization is mostly taken to mean ‘goodness’.  Modernization is the prevalent term for changes in non-Western countries due to direct or indirect contact with any Western country.  You include the following things in modernization: increased urbanization, spread of literacy, increase in per capita income, adult parenthood and development of logic.

Dr. Srinivas has outlined three major areas of modernization

 

  1. the field of material culture (it also includes technology)
  2. the field of social institutions, and
  3. the field of knowledge, values ​​and attitudes. 

On the top, these three areas seem to be different, but they are related.  Changes in one area also affect another area.  BV Shah has given his views on modernization in an article titled ‘Problem of Modernization of Education in India: (1969)’.  Shah considers modernization to be a multipurpose process that pervades all areas of economic, social, political etc.

 

(a) Modernization in the economic sector means: increasing industrialization, increased production, mechanization, monetization and urbanization.  Distinction is made between individual and collective property.  The places to live and work are different, people have the freedom to choose a business.  There is an increase in logic and mobility.  A new approach develops in the fields of income, purchases, savings and capital.

 

(b) In the political field, a secular and welfare state is established which provides education, health, house and employment.  All are provided equality before the law and have the freedom to express their freedom to choose or change the government.

 

(c) There is an open system of distribution in the social sector.  The positions earned in place of the paid positions are important and equality of opportunity is given to all, personal freedom is emphasized in the fields of marriage, religion, family and business.

 

(d) Believe in human efforts for social change in the personal field.  Secular, logical, scientific and cosmopolitan approaches develop.  An egalitarian and independent approach to social problems is adopted.  AR Desai considers the use of modernization not only limited to the social sphere but to all aspects of life.  Modernization in the intellectual field means the increase of reasoning power.  Physical and social events are logically interpreted.  No event is accepted as the basis of God.  This is the result of secular rationality, as a result of which the outlook of this world takes place in place of the supernatural race.

 

 In the social sector:

 

(a) Social mobility increases.  By intensifying old social, economic, political and psychological perceptions, a person is presented to adopt new types of behavior.

 

(b) Changes in the social structure – There is a change in the business and political functions of the person, the importance of the posts earned in place of paid increases.

 

(c) The expansion and expansion of the central legal, administrative and political institutions of the society.

 

(d) Adoption of public welfare policy by the administrators.

 

In the economic sector: (a) Use of root power in place of animal and manpower in production, distribution, traffic and communication etc.  (b) Separation of economic activities from the traditional form.  (c) Use of machines, technology and tools.  (d) Growth in industry, business, trade etc. due to the impact of high technology.  (1) Increased specialization in economic functions, as well as production can be called consumer characteristic.

 

(2) Increase in production and consumption in the economy.

 

In the cultural sector

: (a) Increasing industrialization which we can call the main feature of economic modernization.  Urbanization increases in the ecological classical region.

 

(b) The expansion of education and increase in institutions providing special types of education.

 

(c) Development of new cultural approach which emphasizes progress and improvement, merit, pleasure and experience.  Increase of knowledge, respecting others, instilling confidence in knowledge and technology and rewarding one’s work and belief in humanism.

 

(d) To develop such institutions and abilities by the society to adjust to the constantly changing demands and problems.  In this way, Mr. Desai has seen modernization in the context of a wide area that covers all aspects of the same culture.

 

It is clear from the above views of Indian and Western scholars on modernization that they have used this concept to compare traditional, backward and colonized countries with western, capitalist and industrializing and urbanizing countries which  That indicates more of the new changes happening in them.  Modernization in the intellectual field means to make logical interpretation of physical and social events and accept them on the basis of work reason.  Modernization in the social sector increases mobility, new practices are replaced by old values, complex institutions are born, family blood relations are relaxed.  In the political arena, the army is not considered to be a supernatural power, the government is selected by decentralization of power and adult suffrage.  The use of machines increases in the economic sector and production takes place using inertial power.  The means of transport develop and industrialization increases, urbanization increases in the ecological zone.  Modernization in the cultural sector refers to the development of a new cultural outlook and the emergence of new qualities in the individual.  From the above views of various scholars, the following characteristics of modernization reveal the rational interpretation of events, increase in social mobility, secularism and liberalization, transfer of political power by adult suffrage, increasing urbanization, scientific approach, increase in income towards industrialization.  Dissemination of education, emancipation, use of inertial power, development of new personality, importance of earned posts in place of paid, money-regulations in place of commodity-regulations, specialization in businesses, development of traffic and communication system, in medicine and health  Growth and use of new methods in place of ancient agricultural method.  In this way we see that modernization is a complex process involving many elements and which is related to all the material, economic, political, social, religious and intellectual things of life.  This concept allows us to understand the changes occurring in traditional societies.  Today, a traditional society is seen somewhere in the world and a modern society somewhere.  This concept is useful in comparing them and understanding the nature and direction of change.

 

Forms of Modernization:

 

The question arises that we will call it modernization when changes are made, what situation arises or what process starts.  Generally, the ideal of modernization has been the westernized countries and the changes that take place in them.  As Bandyx states “modernization refers to the kind of social changes that arose during the Industrial Revolution of England in 1760–1830 and the French Political Revolution in 1789–1794.” The current democracy, education system, and industrial revolution  Started mostly in Western countries.  So if the changes that took place in western countries in social, economic, political and other areas.  If there is imitation in other countries, it will be known as modernization.  Therefore, it cannot be denied that initially the modernization model has been the western countries, now whether the form is the ideal of modernization in China, Japan or any other country, Rudolfak and Fui Luff also confirmed the same.  Has  Learner’s is that the Western model is only historically western, sociologically world-wide.  Modernization vs. Tradition: A common concept is to consider modernization and tradition as antagonistic to each other.  These are accepted as a pair.  Rudolf and Rudolph write: “Modernization has been commonly used as an antithesis to tradition in analyzing the current social and political changes.  Both these concepts have also been used in comparison to Western and non-Western similarities.  The progress, change and development of the society have been considered towards modernization in the tradition.  Benedix has developed in place of modern and used the following words in place of traditional.  It is true that traditional society has no significance in the modern society, in the social, economic, political, cultural, intellectual, educational fields, imitation society.  Edward Shiels writes, “Traditional society is not completely traditional in any way, modern society is not traditional in any way. Any modernity is also built on the shoulders and experiences of tradition. That is why it is between the past and the present  There is a link. Prof. Shiels accepts tradition and modernity as a continuum. Modern society is also not completely modern, like science, modernization is an open-purpose process. Its nature is evolutionary, which automatically changes and  It keeps moving forward. So no society can claim that it has been completely modernized or it is completely modern, but there is a quantity of modernization.

 

Differences in Sanskritisation and Westernization:

Nature of Sanskritisation and Westernization  It is clear from the view that both these processes are interrelated with the view that these are the cause and result of each other. On the one hand, Western technology and social values ​​encouraged Sanskritization, on the other hand, in Sanskritization, old age  Due to this, the values ​​of Western culture began to spread more rapidly.  Even after this, MN Srinivas has clarified many differences related to the concept of Sanskritization and Westernization.

 

1.Sanskritization is an indigenous or internal process that explains the internal changes taking place in India’s traditional social structure.  On the other hand, westernization is a foreign process and it is related to these external influences that have brought many changes in our society.

 

2.The field of Sanskritisation process is limited as it is only related to caste dynamics.  Westernization is a widespread process that has affected all aspects of Indian life in one way or another.

 

  1. Originally the basis of Sanskritization is religious.  Through this, the lower castes try to elevate their position by adopting the religious rituals and purity-related practices of the upper castes.  In contrast, the basis of Westernization is cosmic and scientific.

 

  1. The values ​​of Sanskritization and Westernization also differ from each other.  The values ​​of Sanskritization encourage the great traditions of the Hindus and the meat and liquor prohibit experimentation as impure, the value of Westernization is modern in the sense that it values ​​personal freedom, equality, social justice and rational behavior.

 

  1. Sanskritization is a process that explains the changes occurring in lower castes and tribes similar to the lifestyle of upper castes.  In other words, its effect is limited to the lower castes and tribes.  On the other hand, from the standpoint of influence, westernization is a widespread process as it has affected the lives of all classes, castes and communities in Indian society.

 

  1. In different areas, the ideals of Sanskritization differ from each other.  In a region, it is related to the emulation of the lifestyle of the upper castes, then any backward or lower caste as Prabhu caste in any region can also be the ideal of Sanskritization.  On the other hand, there is only one ideal of westernization i.e. to adopt western lifestyle and values.

 

  1. Sanskritization is a process that changes the position of the person in the ethnic stratum.  Thus, Sanskritisation encourages vertical mobility.  On the contrary, people do not have any change in ethnic status due to the effect of westernization.

 

  1. The process of Sanskritization has always existed in one form or the other in Indian history.  On the contrary, the process of westernization started from the time of British rule and grew more rapidly after independence.

 

Secularization or secularization:

secularization or secularization is the process that results in the elimination of discrimination in social behavior on the basis of religion in a society.  Secularization which is based on rationalism is necessary for modernization, since every society now wants to modernize, it is sheltering secularization.  After independence, whatever state in India was not a secular state, today there is talk of secularization.  Religion reinterpretation, rationalism and liberalism are directly related to secularism.  Dr. Srinivas has done a detailed analysis of this process.  The process of secularization has become a fundamental feature of society.  A few decades ago today, in India, the acts which were considered religious and sacred are seen today as orthodox irrational behavior in vain, the special effect of a religion and caste which has been accepted, is now effective in that way  Has not been  Various thinkers are of the opinion that in order to speed up the process of secularization in India, the British rule.  British rule also brought with it the process of secularization of Indian social life and culture.  This trend became progressively stronger with the development of communication tools and the increased spatial mobility of cities and the spread of education.  Both the World War I and Mahatma Gandhi’s Civil Disobedience Movements not only activated the political and social terms of the common people, but also contributed to the growth of secularization.  The achievement of secularization in India after 1947 is truly remarkable.  The Constitution of Independent India states that ‘India will be a secular state.  ‘ Law

 

In terms of condition and direction, there will be no discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, gender etc. among the citizens.  The elections for the assembly of Parliament assemblies will be on the basis of adult suffrage and the development of Indian territories will be done on the basis of fair planned programs.  Meaning of Secularization: In terms of literal meaning, it is a process in which the existence, importance, identity or development of a person is not associated with religion, the direct relation of secularization is from a logical point of view.  Under this, the interpretation of the world is presented as pure thinking.  Secularization is the process by which logical knowledge emerges in place of traditional beliefs and assumptions.  Prof. Srinivas has clearly written that in ‘secularization’ it is implied that what was previously considered religious is no longer considered to be.  Explaining this, he wrote that, there is also a process of differentiation that results in different economic, political, legal and moral aspects of society becoming more and more careful in the matter of each other.  Thus Srinivas did not understand secularization in the sense of secularism alone.  According to them, the two characteristics of cosmicization are major 1. Firstly, this process is related to the feeling that what we used to believe in earlier was not religious anymore.

2.The second feature is that under this process we try to see and understand every fact with reasoning intelligence.  Traditionally in our social life, both these characteristics were completely lacking.  No one could argue about the significance of the social system because the entire system was merged with religion.  There are several definitions of secularization in the Concise Oxford dictionary.  These definitions have been referred to as folkism, skepticism towards religious beliefs and contradiction to religious education.  The following definition of secularism is given in the Third International Dictionary.  “(Cosmicism) is a system of social ethics that is based on the principle that ethics and behavior should be based exclusively on current life and social welfare, away from religion.” Butter House’s definition of secularism is one such ideology.  As it presents a theory of life and conduct, which is against the principle propounded by religion. Its essence is materialistic. Its belief is that human welfare can only be achieved by national efforts.  . “But Baker refuses to believe that secularism is an anti-secular concept.  They say that “cosmic” is not a synonym for “profane” or other similar words.  “Blackshield has supported Baker’s view. He has stated that” secularism does not oppose religious institutions.  No, it is opposed to religious uprisings in law, political and education related processes.  In this, the emphasis is only on the functional division of attitudes i.e. social division of powers in different types of social activities.  “Blackshield says that religion, education and law should not enter into each other’s territories, nor should their territories go beyond boundaries. To the extent that religion is within its own borders remain inside  till then the concept of secularism can be considered as secular.  It neither supports nor opposes religiosity.  Thus, secularism is a situation in the field of social problems in which law and education are free to religious institutions and religious motivations.  Cosmicism is a stage of historical development in which law and education are not founded on religion.  In this way, if different definitions of secularism are considered, a list of many such topics can be made which are considered under it.  Such as: scientific humanism, naturalism and materialism, invincibility and positivism, intellectualism, democraticism and communism, optimism and progressivism, moral relativism and nihilism etc.

 

 Essential Elements of Secularization:

 

  1. Rationality: Secularization has a direct relation with a logical point of view.  Under this, the number of incidents is done purely.  All the behaviors in the society are irrational, they are negated by this process.  That is why in this process, instead of orthodox, irrational, traditional beliefs and assumptions, logical knowledge emerges.  It also involves a process of differentiation, as a result of which the various economic, political, legal, moral and social organs of the society become more and more independent from each other.

 

 

  1. Work – causal relationship: Another essential element in secularization is the performance of ‘work due’ relations which is also addressed with rationalism.  According to Prof. Srinivas, instead of traditional beliefs and beliefs, the establishment of modern knowledge lies.  The specialty of the process of secularization is that it tries to destroy mutual beliefs and irrational beliefs as much as possible.  Ideas that are mutual and which cannot be tested on the test of work-causal relationship are automatically eliminated by this process.  If their existence remains in some way, then they do not get the support of proper public opinion.

 

 

  1. Purity – Assumption of desecration: The notion of piety and impurity has been prominent in Hindu religious conduct.  On this basis the distance of different castes is fixed.  On this basis, touch, marriage and food have been prohibited among the castes. Every Hindu has the beliefs and deeds of purity and profanity in common life.  Such as: shaving was an unholy task for Brahmins.  In the last years, these beliefs have eroded, the rules of purity have been replaced by the rules of health and hygiene.  Educated Brahmins and Kattapathis have gradually given importance to intelligent interpretation in place of orthodox rules and have called holiness another form of health rules.  Srinivas has given the example of the Brahmin women of Mysore and said that educated women are not too much concerned about impurity, but giving importance to the laws of health.  On separation from the joint family, she abandons this stereotype of rituals.  Many rituals have been abandoned by the process of secularization.  Naming and other rituals such as: The shaving of the widow is no longer in vogue, along with the process of leaving and abridging the rites, the rites are also mixed so as to reduce the timeliness in the expressed life.  As with marriage, the Upanayana ceremony is also done two days before. Marriage rituals are also getting abbreviated. A Brahmin marriage with all the ceremonies, which used to take 5 to 7 days earlier, is now settled within a day or a few hours.  Close relatives are present at the wedding, other guests only attend the reception.  Activities such as listening to music etc. by setting the bride and groom on a high pedestal, playing a band, having a refreshment to the guests, etc. have become important.  In the traditional system, like the Saptavadi, it used to take 7-8-9 hours.  Now very soon the bride and groom are expelled from these works.

 

Objectives of secularization:

 

  1. The objective of secularization is the attainment of secularism.  Taptarya from secularism is from a certain type of behavior while secularization is a process that helps in achieving that behavioral paradigm.  Secularism will be called that state of behavior where religion has no undue influence on state, morality and education etc.  In America, secularization means that the state and the church in society maintain their existence without affecting each other.  This is the reason that the state government does not give grants to educational institutions run by the church there.  The meaning of secularism in India is somewhat different from the meaning taken in the West.  Here secularism means that the state does not give shelter to any religion, but it does not mean that if a religious institution runs an educational institution, then the state government will not grant it.  If necessary for cultural development and for the co-existence of different communities, the state government can direct various religious institutions.  Such as: cow slaughter is banned by the central government whereas some religions consider this type of ban undesirable.  There is a system in India that the faults of religion should be removed through legislation and insistence.  Such as: Various defects of Hinduism have been removed.  Faults of the religion of Islam can also be overcome in this way.  Now the traditional attitude towards religion in India has changed.  Although the ‘Parsanal flame’ of Muslims is yet to be modernized, Indian society itself has been a hindrance in the path of secularism in India.  Both Hindus and Muslims have been fulfilling their respective objectives through sect religion.  After independence, various political parties are now fulfilling political objectives through religion, which is an obstacle in the path of secularism.  Government and opposition parties do not appear active for complete secularism.  Jawaharlal Nehru said at the time of taking power on August 14, 1947 that during this half-night when the whole world is sleeping, India will wake up to an independent life.  Secularism will be the basis of this independent life.  That nation cannot survive for long, which will be based on communalism and religion.  India will be only a secular and democratic state where every citizen, irrespective of their religion, will get equal rights.

 

  1. The second objective of secularization is the attainment of a secular state.  A secular state is one where every citizen gets equal opportunity on the basis of equality and where society does not interfere in the activities of citizens on the basis of religion.  D. E. Smith, while explaining the secular state, wrote that the state which guarantees the freedom of religion to the people, recognizes every follower as a citizen, should not be constitutionally related to a particular religion and neither  It is the progress of a particular religion and should be related to decadence.  Secular state literally means a state which does not believe in any particular religion.  Therefore, the secular state sees a person as a citizen and not as a member of a particular religious group.  In a secular state, the rights and duties of people are not explained on the basis of religion.  Article 15 of the Constitution of India declares that the state will not discriminate on the basis of religion, species, caste, sex and place of birth.  Thus, we see that due to secularization, India has emerged as a secular state where there is religious discrimination.  However, religion no longer has a place in society that was five decades ago.

 

 Characteristics of Secularization:

 

  1. Development of Rationalism: Due to secularization, the matter of being dependent on religion for every event ends.  The primitive man believed every social event to be a gift of religion and supernatural power, but as the work of rationalism developed, the explanation of the causal relations grew and the importance of religion diminished due to the knowledge of the real reasons.  Now everyone considers logical behavior to be appropriate.

 

  1. Loss in religiosity: Due to secularization the importance of religious institutions has reduced now.  The reason for this is that in the name of religion, the status of high or low is no longer determined.  The more religious rituals a person used to perform earlier, the more respect they were given.  But now the same person is said to be a backward person who finds success in his actions and failure in religion.  Therefore, it is clear that as the process of secularisation progresses, the importance of religion decreases, and thus religiousness declines.

 

  1. Increasing Differentiation: Earlier religion was considered to be the dominant factor behind each event and every event was interpreted on the basis of religion whether it is crime or disease, death or natural outbreak, but now every event  Different and real causes are discovered in which the effects of religious and spiritual power are generally least accepted.  Due to this condition the amount of differentiation increases.  There are different people doing specific types of tasks.  Hence the distance between them is natural.

 

  1. Help in achieving modernization: At present the wave of modernization was in full swing.  Every society now wants to call itself modern, for which it is necessary to bring changes in traditional practices.  Secularization also changes traditional practices.  As before independence, the spirit of various religions and religiosity was flourishing in India.  But the natural wave of secularization that arose from the freedom struggle itself greatly reduced this effort.  As soon as India attained independence, it declared itself a secular state, its traditional behavior patterns changed completely.  Currently such changes are taking place in the country which are necessary for social development and modernization.  Therefore, it can be said that secularization is helpful in modernization.

 

  1. Development of equality: In ancient times many types of social differences were found in India, there was a wide differentiation in India on the basis of religion, caste, gender etc.  There was a provision of different punishment in different religions for committing the same type of crime.  But due to secularization, the discrimination of this car automatically ends and equal opportunities are available to all people.

 

  1. A Scientific Concept: Secularization is a scientific concept.  Performance of work relationship is not appropriate due to the influence of religion.  So people become irrational.  Secularization emphasizes rationality and asserts the same thing in which work exhibits causal relationships.

 

  1. Humanitarian and Neutral Concept: Secularization is a concept that refers to the behavior of a human being as a human being.  It is not that in any imaginary way, it speaks of inhuman treatment of human beings on the basis of caste.  This process encourages humanitarian behavior.  At the same time there is a neutral concept in which on the one hand no discrimination is found on the basis of religion, while at the same time there is also given complete freedom to accept any religion.

 

  1. Factors of the type of secularization: India’s secularization started at a time when religion was strongly affecting society.  This period was the arrival of British rule in India.  As a result of the efforts made by the British to deepen the foundations and foundations of their empire in India, the process of secularization along with processes like urbanization, industrialization, Sanskritization itself automatically started.  The efforts made by the British to establish their foothold and increase trade encouraged the process of secularization.  Such as: The British developed large industries, trade, ports, cities, means of transport, which automatically hurt the religionism, caste restrictions were relaxed and the process of secularization started to be equal to the process of Sanskritisation.

 

 Following are the reasons for the spread of secularization in India:

 

  1. Westernization: Westernization is the credit for starting the process of secularization in India and pushing it forward.  Western culture has promoted materialism and individualism so much that due to it the decline in religion and its related behavior is natural.  India has been known as the traditional country.  The tradition is directly related to religion.  The process of westernization has violated the tradition and emphasized on practices that are logical, practical and beneficial.  This is the reason that has promoted the process of secularization.
  2. Urbanization and Industrialization: People living in cities are separated from religious superstitions due to their exposure to various types of industrial inventions.  As various types of industrial institutions are being established in the cities, the density of population is increasing.  It is no longer necessary that one religion prevails at one place and followers of the same religion reside there in large numbers, in cities and industrial centers, followers of different religions work together and exchange ideas.  Huh .  Due to this situation, the fanaticism of the particular religion ends and the feeling of co-existence develops.  Hence it can be said that urbanization and industrialization are helpful factors in the process of secularization.

 

  1. Advanced means of transport and communication: When the means of transport were not developed, people could not go to far places even if they wanted to.  Being in one place, they used to behave according to their religious sentiments.  Due to lack of development in the means of communication, what is happening in other places and societies were not available to the people.  This was also one of the reasons that people maintained religious fundamentalism.  But as religious conduct and rituals are changing, discrimination of untouchability or discrimination in food and rigidity on the basis of religion is no more possible.  If the followers of different religions are traveling together in a train or bus, they cannot maintain untouchability even if they want to, because they do not even know the caste, religion of all the passengers.  If a society gives any relaxation in the traditional behavior pattern of a particular religion, then its information is communicated to other societies through the means of communication, so there is a talk of change there too.  Now the villagers move towards the city for small tasks.  Seeing the living conditions there, they are impressed and are ready to abandon their traditional behavior model (which is dominated by religion).  Now the rural people are also ready to accept all those things which are beneficial for them.  Even if it is related to any other religion.

 

  1. Current Education System In ancient education, students were taught religious grounds.  Education was also the medium of preaching.  The format of education was such that there should not be any degradation in the religious mold.  There was no provision of education for those who could not make themselves religious.  Only religiously holy people could get education.  The impure people such as the Shudras and Spishyas were forbidden to acquire knowledge.  Religion used to be the focal point of education.  The Brahmins whose main task was to teach: They laid more emphasis on religious acts and laws.  But religion did not have an important place in the new education system.  Special education has been arranged for those considered impure.  They are being taught by encouraging them.  Followers of different castes and religions read and write and eat together.  Religious complexity has ceased due to this condition.  Now religious institutions and caste-specific educational institutions are being asked to change their names, just as there is no discrimination on the basis of religion in educational institutions.  Similarly, discrimination based on gender discrimination is also ending now.  Now women have also become logical and they are taking all kinds of education.  His approach has also become evolutionary and independent.  She has started trying to identify her existence, she has started assessing its importance as an essential part of society.  It is a well-known fact that the practice of traditional practices in India in which religious practice is predominant, women were not allowed outside the house.  Therefore, his approach was traditional.  They have been given equal rights in modern education, due to which their attitude is changing towards traditional practices and their behavior is now turning more towards secularism.  Thus we see that due to the current education system, the process of secularization is getting faster.

 

  1. Religious and Social Reforms Movement: Various religious and social reformers misrepresented the discrimination and religious hypocrisy of religion and its dependent caste party.  Due to this situation, the perception of people became somewhat neutral towards religious rituals.  The followers of different religions were asked to live and work together.  The Bhakti movement of the medieval period also contributed significantly to this field.  The efforts of Rajaram Mohanrai, Syed Ahmed Khan, Ranade, Swami Dayanand, Gandhi etc. also proved to be helpful in the process of secularization.  Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Prayer Meeting, Ramakrishna Mission and Theosophical Society also proved helpful in removing religious complexity.  Therefore, it can be said that the social and religious movement has also helped in secularization.

 

  1. Social legislation: Various social legislations were also helpful in promoting secularization.  Hindu marriage is no longer considered a religious rite or religious act as the concept of religious duties prescribed behind it is becoming secondary.  Now it is becoming a social bond or compromise.  Therefore, inter-caste marriages are also being justified because scientific inventions have made it clear that all the castes belong to the same groups whose aim is to achieve gender satisfaction in the accepted manner of society and mutual cooperation is becoming possible.  Therefore, the matter of scheme purity is also considered to be religious and hence disposable.  It is not necessary for different castes to follow the same religion.  The legislation also considers such marriages appropriate.  Similarly, the Prevention of Untouchability Act of 1955 emphasizes that those who were called untouchables till now have the same relationship with various institutions as other upper castes.  There will be no discrimination on the basis of untouchability or religion.  Since the Indian constitution has declared India a secular state, the government will make every effort to pursue secularization.  The selection of representatives to run a government in a democratic state is an adult franchise in which there is no discrimination on the basis of religion and caste, but additional facilities to bring all people (historically backward persons) to the same level.  Are being given  Various types of social welfare programs are also being run by the government to promote secularism.  7. Political parties: Various political parties have also proved to be helpful in the process of secularization like Congress, Samajwadi Party and Communist Party etc.  At the time of the creation of the Congress (1885), there were some leaders in it who were in favor of secularization as a social policy.  As the number of educated and westernized people increased in this party, the demand for secularization also became stronger.  Pt. Nehru, whom the Congress chose as its leader after independence, was a strong supporter of secularization.  Dr.Radhakrishnan said at the time of Pandit Nehru’s death that “The main objective of Pandit Nehru was to remove the irrational elements of religion from people’s minds so that the social upliftment of the people could happen.

 

Urbanization: Concept:

 

It is difficult to give a definite definition of a city. It can be broadly said that a city is a community of social differences wherein the predominance of the secondary groups, controls, industry and trade, densely populated and impersonal relations. So we can say that  A city is a people-community that has certain characteristics of its own. Cities have a variety of industries – businesses, trade and commerce. Because of this, people of every race, species, religion and class from different parts of the country and abroad.  They come and settle in. That is why the population of the city is not only large but there are differences rather than uniformity in that population. It is necessary to understand the meaning of urbanization before understanding the process of urbanization in India and its role in social change. General  Words can be said that urbanization is the process by which the area of ​​cities and urban life style gets expanded.  It is clear that to understand urbanization it is necessary to first understand the meaning of the city.  There is no definition of city which is acceptable and common, it is a difficult task.  It can be understood on the basis of some of its characteristics

  1. Overpopulation
  2. Maximum population density
  3. Dominance of secondary group
  4. People associated with different occupation
  5. Individualism
  6. Selfish preeminence
  7. Appearance
  8. Complexity.

 

Therefore, various scholars have clarified the concept of urbanization based on the above mentioned characteristics of the city.  According to E.E. Bergell, “The process of converting rural areas into urban areas is called urbanization.  “We call urbanization the process of transforming rural into urban areas • According to Bergell, Urban Sociology. Pl.” Thompson (W. Ihompson) “Urbanization is the process by which people in agriculture-related communities gradually form such groups.  Whose activities become related to industry, trade, commerce and government offices.  “According to M.N. Srinivas:” Urbanization refers not only to a large population in a limited area but to the process by which social and economic relations of people change.  “Based on all these definitions, the concept of urbanization can be understood with the help of some of its key mamm characteristics:

 

  1. Urbanization is not only about moving the population from the villages to the cities or increasing the influence of urban attitudes but also the location.  This condition makes urbanization clear when urban characteristics begin to be incorporated into people’s usage habits and ways of behavior, even without change. There is a special way of life that spreads to areas outside the city.

 

  1. Under this process, agriculture and rural industries – explains the growing influence of urban businesses in place of businesses.
  2. It is a dual process. On the one hand, this process makes clear the condition of converting rural areas into cities or expanding cities.  On the other hand, it is related to a situation in which the influence of the attitudes found in the city increases.

 

4.The process of urbanization is closely related to industrialization. As industrialization increases in a society, urbanization  Also seems to be expanding in 6. This process  Under OR, there is a decrease in the rural population and there is an increase in the urban population.  7. This process clarifies the formality of social relations.  This implies that the process of urbanization enhances individualism by promoting selfish relationships between different individuals and groups.  Development of cities in India: Regarding the origin and development of cities (1) Marg Rit More (2) Praveen and Thomas No one definite story can be made nor any definite 2. Urbanization one can be determined on the date or the session.  Man has built cities only to fulfill his many needs.  Robert Beerstad wrote in his work “The Social Order” that cities must have originated seven or eight thousand years ago.  In India, 4000 years before the Indus Valley Civilization presents an example of advanced urban civilization, the city emergence consists of many factors but not one factor.  Factors such as industrialization, economic attractiveness, rural urban migration, urbanization, social, economic, etc. contribute to the emergence of the city.  Political factor is very important in the origin and development of cities.  Towns have always been centers of political activity.  The origin and development of cities in India can be studied by broadly dividing into three parts.

 

  1. Ancient cities
  2. Medieval cities
  3. Modern cities
  1. Ancient cities: The development of cities in India was also generally similar to the development of ordinary cities.  But still, there is enough evidence that cities have existed in India since time immemorial.  Sufficient descriptions of cities in India are available in epics and Puranas.  Urban civilization existed in India 8 thousand years ago and it can be confirmed on the basis of the remains found in the excavations of Mohenjodaro and Harappa.  Many cities are mentioned during the Gupta period.  But ancient cities were not as big as modern cities.  There were many cities in India in ancient times such as: Kashi, Ayodhya, Taxila, Pataliputra, Prayag, Ujjain etc.
  2. Medieval cities: The development of cities in India during the medieval period has been mainly due to kings and many courtiers.  In the medieval period, various kings invaded India and built large buildings using their architecture at the place of victory and they started living there.  Therefore, army, courtiers, ministers etc. started living with them, due to which the development of cities started automatically.  Such as: Firozabad was founded by Firoz Shah Tughlaq.  Sikandar Lodi settled the city of Agra, Daulatabad was also established.  In the medieval period, Sher Shah settled the city of Sasaram etc.  The growth of cities in the medieval period was in its qualitative state.  Sociologist Lewis Mumford wrote that “the role of the feudal lords has been instrumental in the origin and development of medieval cities.

“3. Modern Cities: In the medieval period, the growth and development of these cities continued to be dominated by the feudalists. But in the last twenty five years of this period, the dominance of the socialists from the city centers started to decline. The process of urbanization due to industrial revolution.  Started and new cities began to develop rapidly. It can be said that modern era is the era of cities. In India in 1781, the area with more than 5000 people was considered as a city. But today  The city is calculated on the basis of 1000 / sq.m. The city has started to emerge due to the solution of problems of modern education, employment, etc. In the modern era, now days – the support of inferior, famine, backward, etc. is now the city  So cities are increasing rapidly in the modern era. Factors that increase the rate of urbanization: The process of urbanization is not new in India, this process has been going on since ancient times. Here Mahajanapada period and Buddhist period  Large cities also emerged in the British.

The development of cities was very rapid in 91 years and favorable geographical conditions, religious beliefs, establishment of military camps and transport facilities contributed more to the development of cities.  Post independence, population growth, industrialization, transport and means of communication, educational institutions, political conditions, civic amenities and economic security are the major conditions which have contributed to increase urbanization.  These factors can be understood on the following points:

 

  1. Industrialization: As industrial development in India resulted in large scale production by machines in different areas, village cottage industries – businesses and handicrafts started to get destroyed.  Unemployment began to increase in these industries – individuals engaged in trades and handicrafts.  There was a need for more workers in urban industries.  Consequently, a large proportion of the rural population started working as workers in urban industries.  This also led to an increase in the urban population.

 

  1. Favorable geographical conditions: Favorable geographical location can be an important reason in the origin and development of cities.  The availability of raw materials nearby, special industries – favorable climate for businesses etc. can be very helpful in the development of all cities.  The main reason for the progressive development of Jamshedpur, Bangalore, Calcutta, Mumbai etc. is their favorable geographical location.

 

  1. Establishment of Capital: The importance of any place increases when it is the capital.  Many people related to Raj work have to come and settle there.  The officials of the government, members of Lok Sabha etc., soldiers etc. are gathered there.  Population increases and development of trade and other service work becomes necessary to meet the needs of that growing population.  The result of all this is the day-to-day development of the city.  Delhi, Mumbai, Chandigarh etc. are the prime examples.

 

  1. Sainik Cantonment: Similarly, the development of the city where soldiers’ camp is established.  Some soldiers are accompanied by other members of their family, and to meet these most diverse needs, industries – businesses, trade and commerce also grow and thus develop, Jammu, Ambala, Dehradun, Sikandarvad etc.  Are examples.

 

  1. Technological development: Along with technological advancement, there is an advancement in the means of transport and communication, due to which, by making the raw materials or the latest machines from any part of the world, not only in the country, industries can be developed and persisted.  The goods can be transported to the national international market.  Today, due to technological development, the city can also be settled by clearing the forest. As we become acquainted with the best machines, the industries also progress.  When more and more machines are used in agriculture, on one hand, time is saved and on the other hand, in agriculture, at least people are needed.  As a result, many people get a break from farming and the requirement of laborers in the cities is fulfilled.  Due to other technological development, there is amazing progress in the production of agriculture and not only the food – materials required for the development of cities, but many basic industries – the essential goods for the trades are easily found in textile, jute, sugar, vegetable ghee and oil etc.

 

 

  1. Population Growth: Before independence in India, only 15% of the country’s population lived in cities.  Even after poverty, the life of the villagers was self-sufficient.  After the independence in our country, when the population started to increase rapidly, the division of farms in the villages started increasing.  As a result, a large section of the rural population started moving to the cities for employment.

 

  1. Political conditions: The current political conditions have an important place in promoting the process of urbanization.  In the democratic system, people get more opportunities for development in those cities which are the center of political activities.  This is the reason that the process of urbanization is the fastest in Delhi today.  In cities where the capital of different states is in, urbanization is happening more rapidly than other cities

 

  1. Increase in traffic and means of communication: After independence, roads were built to connect all villages in India with cities.  New development programs were started through the Five Year Plans.  Here as the means of transport and means of communication increased, all the urban and rural areas started connecting with each other.  Due to the use of advanced equipment and seeds in agriculture, agricultural production increased but, the dependence of the villagers on the cities started increasing.  Villagers also increased contact with the cities to sell the crop.  As a result of traffic facilities, selling agricultural produce in cities became more profitable.

 

  1. Education system: The youth who get education in rural areas generally do not like to do traditional business like farming.  Their effort is to earn a living by working in offices, factories or individual establishments located in the city.  After taking education in the city, the life of the village seems inappropriate to them.  As a result of this attitude, the process of urbanization is encouraged.

 

  1. Facilities: Another reason for the increasing urbanization in our country is the special civic amenities received in the cities.  Due to more facilities of education, water, electricity, health and safety in the cities, they become centers of attraction for the people living in villages and towns.  Keeping in mind all these multidimensional aspects, Fingersley Davis has concluded that the increase in urbanization can be understood on the basis of all conditions.  Socio-economic change as a result of urbanization: Even today India is a country of villages in basic form.  But today the process of civilization is also rapidly expanding its influence.  The process of urbanization has changed our entire social structure and our social, economic, mental, political, cultural, religious and moral life is taking a new turn.  These effects of urbanization are healthy as well as unhealthy.  We will briefly discuss both of those types of effects here.  Wide Area of ​​Socio-cultural Connections: One notable effect of urbanization is that consequently, the area of ​​socio-cultural connectivity automatically increases.  It is easy to establish contacts with other provinces or countries through news letters, magazines, books, radio, only networks, internet, telephone, mobile etc. of cities.  All these elements are helpful in expanding the field of socio-cultural connectivity.  –

 

More facilities related to education and training: Due to greater inclination towards giving proper education to our children, the facilities of education and training along with urbanization also expand.

 

  1. Education and training facilities contribute immensely in encouraging the process of urbanization in some cities.

 

  1. By doing computer and many technical courses, the chances of jobs in cities increase.  Due to these facilities, the importance of the city increases day by day.

 

  1. Expansion of trade and commerce: Along with the development of cities, the progress of trade and commerce also takes place because with urbanization the population grows and the population increases, the requirements increase and trade and commerce to fulfill those needs.  Expansion of it becomes necessary.  Therefore, along with urbanization, new markets, haats, shopping centers, cinema, restaurants, etc. are also emerging.

 

4.Increase in traffic and conveyance facilities: Along with the development of the city, the facilities of traffic communication also gets spread because without it the life of the citizens cannot be convenient.  Civil situations demand this.  That the means of transport and conveyance be expanded.  Therefore, along with the development of the city, post offices, telephones, railway stations, courier service, internet, cyber cafes etc. are also developed and bus and taxi services, auto rickshaws are available inside the city.  All these facilities can be expensive, soon becoming an essential part of civilian life.

 

  1. Political education: Along with the process of urbanization, the functioning of political parties also increases.  In fact, the city is an arena of political parties and they are not only trying very hard to spread their ideals and principles, but a political party also tries its best to degrade the other party.  As a result, the opportunity of learning political tricks – in cities, is not as much in the village as it is possible, because the means of transport and conveyance in the city are at an advanced level and their books and magazines, news papers, radio,  Through TV posters, banners, speakers, etc., it is possible for us to participate in international political life or at least get information about it.  It helps in bringing political education to practical level.

 

  1. Social tolerance: One notable effect of urbanization is that social tolerance thrives in a substantial amount among city dwellers.  The reason for this is also clear.  Along with urbanization, people of different religions, communities, caste, species, provinces and countries come and settle, and each has the opportunity to meet with each other and see each other more closely.  Is obtained .  This type of contact develops tolerance towards each other.

 

  1. Changes in family values ​​and structure: Along with urbanization, there is a rapid change in family values ​​and structure, children in cities today are not fully respecting their parents, consider their stubbornness as paramount.  , Get married to a girl or boy of your choice, get to see romance in the name of going to college.  Work – Kazi girls’ affair has become common in the cities.  Increase in number of love marriages and divorce is also seen more in cities.  The media and communication revolution has greatly affected.  He wants to be like his role model.  He is not attentive to family duties.  After marriage, the girl inspires her husband to live in a separate house, increasing the number of single families and the disintegration of joint families is increasing here.

 

  1. Development of slums: When urbanization continues with the process of industrialization, the population of the city keeps increasing at a very rapid pace.  But in the proportion in which the population increases, new houses are not built in the same proportion.  Therefore, one effect of urbanization is the development of slums

 

  1. Changes in social values ​​and relations: Along with urbanization, individualistic ideals flourish.  Due to the importance of wealth and personal qualities in the cities, each person only cares for himself and commits himself to protect his interests.  His effort is to develop his own personality and collect more and more money because on this his social reputation depends.  Hence one effect of urbanization is the sacrifice of community selfishness on the altar of personal selfishness.  Similarly with urbanization, the personal relationship turns into impersonal social relations.  In big cities like Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai, people living in the same building with eight to ten floors lack personal relationships.  Similarly, discrimination on the basis of caste and caste, sense of untouchability etc., along with urbanization, weaken and the social values ​​related to them change.  The phenomenon of social distance can be called a notable effect of urbanization.

 

  1. Commercialization of entertainment: Another notable effect of urbanization is the commercialization of the means of entertainment, ie cinema, theater, disco club, sports, network only, mobile, internet etc. All modes of entertainment are organized by the business entities.  That is why they do not take care of modesty or healthy effect as much as they make them more attractive to the audience and they are being alert to the money lane due to

 

  1. Accident, disease and filth: Accidents are more in the cities.  More pollution diseases are also more.  Different diseases related to different industries arise.  Not only this, due to the dense population of the cities, the dirt is also high.  Due to dirt, many types of diseases surround the residents of the city.  Even after trying a million, the accident, disease and filth that occurs as a result of urbanization cannot be avoided.

 

  1. Uncertainty in community life: This is a major problem of the cities and the problem is that due to this uncertainty, the sense of community or ‘we’ does not flourish in the cities, due to which the uniformity in the life of the city does not flourish.  Here someone sleeps at night, some in the day, some is employed today, and tomorrow is useless.  This uncertainty is every moment on every step.  Whether the person who left home in the morning returned home in the evening or not, –

It also has no certainty.  This uncertainty gives rise to elements that disintegrate community life.

 

  1. Social Disorganization: Uncertainty or greater variability in the status and actions of individuals and institutions causes social disintegration, the pace of social change in cities is also faster due to which social disintegration occurs.  Towns are also more likely to fail bank, rebellion, revolution or war, which also leads to a situation of social disintegration that proves fatal to a healthy social life

 

  1. Family Disorganization: Members of families in cities  I do not have a very close relationship because most of the members of the household are either separated from each other or have to spend more time outside the family to read, write, get training, do jobs, get entertainment etc.  , Due to this, the family members have very little control over each other, which is often helpful in disintegrating the family.

 

  1. Personal Disorganization: This is another notable problem of the cities.  The following five forms of personal disintegration are seen in the cities, each of which itself is a serious problem (a) Crime and child crime: Poverty in the cities, problem of houses, unemployment, discrimination in the ratio of female to male, drug addiction,  Business entertainment, business cycle, competition, loosening of family control, prostitution, child labor etc. are important factors due to which crime and child crime are seen more in the cities.

(b) Suicide: Poverty in cities, unemployment, disinterested family life, severe disappointment in life, failure in romance or love, failure in business, etc. are more likely to occur if competition fails, and in any of these conditions the person  Such an unbearable mental entanglement can get rid of which he chooses to commit suicide.  This is the reason that there are more suicides in cities than in villages.

(c) Prostitution: There are more laborers in cities who are forced to live alone rather than live with their children due to the problem of housing and inflation in the cities.  For them, brothels are a good place for entertainment.  Poverty and unemployment found in cities also compel prostitution to many women.

(d) Intoxication: Alcoholism, drinking etc. is an expression of personal dissolution.  This problem is particularly acute in cities.  The extreme form of this problem is seen when big parties in cities, ‘diners’, where the high level ‘gentlemen’ of the society clash, drinking is accepted as a symbol of social prestige and common courtesy.  .  In cities that have failed in their lives, there is also no shortage of such individuals.  It becomes clear to us from the crowd at the liquor shops.

(e) Beggary: In cities, especially in religiously important cities, people not only get begged by the poverty, hunger and unemployment of the cities but also give begging a commercial form.  In big cities, beggars own their work

Making conditions and direction beggars, teaching beggars how to beg, their bodies have to be distorted or shaken in such a way that people feel self-pity.

 

  1. Other socio-economic effects of urbanization: development of capitalist economy, uneven distribution of national wealth, economic crisis, unemployment, industrial quarrels, mental anxiety and disease conflicts and competition, social mobility, increased labor, division of labor and specialization. ‘

 

There are other effects of urbanization, which are seen in India.  Industrialization: Industrialization can be both a cause and a consequence of urbanization.  It is often seen that where industrialization flourishes and the production of machines in large mills and factories takes place, the process of urbanization is increasingly active, many cities have developed in India in the same way,  In this sense, industrialization is the cause of urbanization.  But it also happens that due to some other reason, the process of urbanization is first operational and now when the community takes full form of the city, there is a gradual industrialization of the industry.  Concept: The process of development of large-scale production works by machines and the development of industries in one place is called industrialization.  Some authors state that “Industrialization refers to the introduction of large scale new industries and the transformation of small scale industries into large scale industries.  “In real sense, industrialization is a process of large-scale development of industries. Wilbert Moore (WEMoore defines industrialization in his book Social Change, P – 91 as follows:” Industrialization is the term used for economic goods and  Inanimate sources of power are widely used in the production of services. “(Industrialization in its strict sense of the term, entails the extensive use of inanimate sources of power in the production of economic goods and services.)  Therefore, according to Wilbert Moore, the main goal of the process of industrialization is to earn maximum profit as well as industrialization is related to both goods and services. Causes of industrialization in India: The major five-year plans contribute to the reasons of industrialization in an agricultural country like India.  The second five-year plan was the beginning of industrialization widely between 1956-61. Also many other reasons can be understood from the following points:

 

  1. New technology of production: by the invention of new methods of production  The rate of industrialization has increased significantly.  Green revolution became possible only due to new hybrid seeds and mechanization in agriculture.  The invention of new textile mills reshaped industrialization.  Today, with the advent of computer, internet in the information revolution, it is taking only a few seconds to send and receive information anywhere in the world.

 

  1. Natural resources: The greatest requirement of industrialization is natural resources.  If there is no abundance of natural resources in the country, then by the end of industrialization,

will go.  India has huge reserves of mineral assets like iron, coal, mica.  Petroleum is also satisfactory.  India is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in the field of hydro power.  There are forests where herbs are available for various diseases around the world.

 

  1. Means of transport: In the process of industrialization, the means of transport cannot be ignored.  One has to accept the importance of the means of transport in transporting raw materials, machines and laborers to the production center, transporting the finished goods to the foreign markets of the country, and maintaining the relationships related to industry trades.  Therefore, there is no importance of industrialization without traffic.

 

  1. Abundance of labor-power: Our country has much more labor-power than developed countries.  There are crores of landless laborers in the village who remain mostly unemployed in the year, they are ready to work as laborers in industries at low wages.  The cost of industrial production done by them is also less.  This is a condition which resulted in easy industrial development here.

 

  1. Economic policies: One of the major reasons for industrialization in our country is the excess and industrial policies of the government.  A mixed economy was encouraged in India since the time of independence.  In this, the basic industries were developed in the public sector, while the development of other industries was left to the private sector.  Many such laws were enacted for labor welfare and labor protection so that the exploitation of workers can be prevented and their work efficiency can be increased.  This condition also proved to be helpful in the development of industrialization.

 

  1. International Competition: Another reason for the development of industrialization in India is the participation of India in international competition.  In the present era, any country can strengthen its economic position only if it can import goods from other countries and can also produce large quantities of various goods and export them to other countries.  Our economy is strengthened only by the balance of imports and exports.  After Independence, as India started participating in the international competition in the economic field, industrialization increased here.

 

  1. Educational institutions: Educational institutions have a very important role in the reasons of industrialization in India.  Various courses by educational institutions which are related to modern production, there are millions of students who are achieving.  Therefore, along with the above mentioned conditions, new inventions, process of urbanization and banking facilities and expansion of service sector etc. are the supporting conditions which contributed significantly to the development of industrialization.  Socioeconomic change as a result of industrialization: Even today India is basically a country of villages.  But today the process of industrialization is also rapidly expanding its influence.  The process of industrialization has changed our entire social structure and our social, economic, mental, political, cultural, religious and moral life is taking a new turn.  These effects of industrialization are both healthy and unhealthy.  We will now briefly discuss both types of effects here.  –

 

– 1. Extensive Area of ​​Social Cultural Connections: One notable effect of industrialization is that consequently the field of sociocultural connectivity increases automatically.  It is easy to communicate with other countries or countries through news letters of the cities – magazine, book, radio, network only, internet, telephone, mobile etc.  All these elements help in expanding the field of socio-cultural connectivity.

 

  1. More facilities related to education and training: There is more inclination towards giving proper education to our children, so along with industrialization, the facilities related to education and training also expand.  Education and training facilities also expand in some cities to encourage the process of urbanization.  In some cities, education and training facilities contribute more to encourage the process of urbanization.  By doing computer and many technical courses, the chances of jobs in cities increase.  Due to these facilities, the importance of the city increases day by day.

 

  1. Expansion of trade and commerce: Along with the development of cities, the progress of trade and commerce also takes place because with industrialization, the population grows and the population increases, the requirements increase and trade to meet those needs.  And expansion of commerce becomes necessary.  Therefore, along with industrialization, new markets, haats, shopkeepers, cinema, restaurants etc. are also emerging.

 

  1. Increase in traffic and conveyance facilities: Along with the development of the city, the facilities of traffic and conveyance also spread because without it the life of the citizens cannot be convenient.  Civil situations demand this.  That traffic and communication solutions be expanded.  Therefore, along with the development of the city, post offices, telephones, railway stations, career services, insets, cyber cafes etc. are also developed and bus and taxi services, auto rickshaws are available inside the city.  All these facilities can be expensive which soon becomes an essential part of civilian life.

 

  1. Political Education: Along with the process of industrialization, the activity of political parties also increases.  In fact, the city is an arena of political parties and they are not only trying very hard to spread their ideals and principles, but a political party also tries its best to degrade the other party.  As a result, there is no opportunity to learn political tricks – screws in villages as much as in villages.  This is also possible because the means of transport and communication in the city are at an advanced level and through their and book magazines, news papers, radio, TV, posters, banners, speakers, etc., participate in international political life or less  At least it is possible for us to get information about it.  It helps in bringing political education to practical level.

 

  1. Social Tolerance: One notable effect of industrialization is that social tolerance thrives in a substantial amount among city dwellers.  The reason for this is also clear.

 

  Along with urbanization, people of different religions, sects, castes, species, provinces and countries come and settle and make each one to get along with each other and make each other

 

  1. Extensive Area of ​​Social Cultural Connections: One notable effect of industrialization is that consequently the field of sociocultural connectivity increases automatically.  It is easy to communicate with other countries or countries through news letters of the cities – magazine, book, radio, network only, internet, telephone, mobile etc.  All these elements help in expanding the field of socio-cultural connectivity.

 

  1. More facilities related to education and training: There is more inclination towards giving proper education to our children, so along with industrialization, the facilities related to education and training also expand.  Education and training facilities also expand in some cities to encourage the process of urbanization.  In some cities, education and training facilities contribute more to encourage the process of urbanization.  By doing computer and many technical courses, the chances of jobs in cities increase.  Due to these facilities, the importance of the city increases day by day.

 

  1. Expansion of trade and commerce: Along with the development of cities, the progress of trade and commerce also takes place because with industrialization, the population grows and the population increases, the requirements increase and trade to meet those needs.  And expansion of commerce becomes necessary.  Therefore, along with industrialization, new markets, haats, shopkeepers, cinema, restaurants etc. are also emerging.

 

  1. Increase in traffic and conveyance facilities: Along with the development of the city, the facilities of traffic and conveyance also spread because without it the life of the citizens cannot be convenient.  Civil situations demand this.  That traffic and communication solutions be expanded.  Therefore, along with the development of the city, post offices, telephones, railway stations, career services, insets, cyber cafes etc. are also developed and bus and taxi services, auto rickshaws are available inside the city.  All these facilities can be expensive which soon becomes an essential part of civilian life.

 

  1. Political Education: Along with the process of industrialization, the activity of political parties also increases.  In fact, the city is an arena of political parties and they are not only trying very hard to spread their ideals and principles, but a political party also tries its best to degrade the other party.  As a result, there is no opportunity to learn political tricks – screws in villages as much as in villages.  This is also possible because the means of transport and communication in the city are at an advanced level and through their and book magazines, news papers, radio, TV, posters, banners, speakers, etc., participate in international political life or less  At least it is possible for us to get information about it.  It helps in bringing political education to practical level.

 

  1. Social Tolerance: One notable effect of industrialization is that social tolerance thrives in a substantial amount among city dwellers.  The reason for this is also clear.  Along with urbanization, people of different religions, sects, castes, species, provinces and countries come and settle and make each one to get along with each other and make each other

99 You get an opportunity to see the processes of social change more closely.  In this type of serpent, tolerance towards each other thrives.

 

  1. Changes in family values ​​and values: Along with urbanization, there is a rapid change in family values ​​and structure.  Children in cities today are not fully respecting their parents, consider their stubbornness to be paramount, marry their favorite wood or boy, romance is seen in the name of going to college.  Work – Fiery girls have become common in cities.  The increase in the number of love marriages and increase in divorce is also seen more in cities.  The media and communication revolution has greatly influenced the youth.  He wants to be at his social economic effects of urbanization like his role model.  He is not attentive to family duties.  After marriage, the girl inspires her husband to live in a separate house.  The number of single families and disintegration of joint families is increasing here.

 

  1. Development of Slums: Along with industrialization, when the process of industrialization continues, the population of the city keeps increasing at a very rapid pace.  But in the proportion in which the population increases, new houses are not built in the same proportion.  Therefore, one effect of urbanization is the development of slums.

 

 

  1. Changes in social values ​​and relationships: Along with industrialization, individualistic ideals flourish.  Due to the importance of wealth and personal qualities in the cities, each person only cares for himself and commits himself to protect his interests.  His effort is to develop his own person element and to collect more and more money because on this his social reputation depends.  Hence one effect of urbanization is the sacrifice of community selfishness on the altar of personal selfishness.  Similarly with urbanization, the personal relationship turns into impersonal social relations.  In big cities like Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai, people living in the same building with eight to ten floors lack personal relationships.  Similarly, discrimination on the basis of caste and caste, feeling of untouchability etc.  With urbanization weaken and the social values ​​related to them change.  The phenomenon of social distance can be called a notable effect of urbanization.  One political party degrades another party.

 

  1. Commercialization of entertainment: Another notable effect of industrialization is the commercialization of the means of entertainment ie cinema, theater, disco club, sports, network only, mobile, internet etc. All the modes of entertainment are organized by business entities.  Therefore, they do not take care of modesty or healthy effect as much as they are conscious of taking money from them by making them more attractive to the audience.

 

  1. Accidents, sickness and filth: Accidents are more in cities.  Diseases are also more due to more pollution.  Different diseases related to different industries arise.  Not only this, due to the dense population of the cities, the dirt is also high.  Due to dirt, many types of diseases surround the residents of the city.  To make a million efforts –

: Even on the condition of accident, disease and mess problem that results from industrialization cannot be avoided.

 

  1. Uncertainty in community life: This is a major problem of the cities and the problem is that due to this uncertainty, the community spirit of the cities or the sense of ‘we’ does not flourish.  Due to which uniformity does not flourish in the life of the city.  Here, someone sleeps at night and some day someone is employed today, tomorrow is useless.  This uncertainty is every moment, every moment.  There is no certainty as to whether a person who has gone home from home in the morning returns to the commission in the evening.  This uncertainty gives rise to elements that disintegrate community life.

 

  1. Social Disruption: Uncertainty or greater variability in the status and actions of individuals and institutions produces social disintegration.  The pace of social change in cities is also fast due to which social disintegration arises.  There is also a greater possibility of bank failure, rebellion, revolution or war in cities, due to which a situation of social disintegration arises which proves to be a detriment to healthy social life.

 

  1. Family Dissolution: Members of families in cities do not have a close relationship because most of the members of the household have different ways to read or write, get training, do jobs, get entertainment etc.  One has to spend more time outside the family.  Due to this, the family members have very little control over each other, which is often helpful in disintegrating the family.

 

  1. Personal Disorganization: This is another notable problem of the cities.  The following five forms of personal disintegration are seen in the cities, each of which itself is a serious problem (a) Crime and child crime: Poverty in the cities, problem of houses, unemployment, discrimination in the ratio of male to female, drug addiction, business  Entertainment, business cycle, competition, relaxed family control, due to which crime and child crime are more visible in the cities.

(b) Suicide: A political party is more likely to degrade the other party in cities such as poverty, unemployment, disinterested family life, severe disappointment in life, failure in romance or love, failure in business, etc.  And in any of these conditions, a person can get caught in such an unbearable mental confusion, that he chooses to commit suicide.  This is why cities have far more suicides than villages.

(c) Prostitution: There is more labor class in the cities who are forced to live alone rather than live with their children due to the problem of housing and inflation in the cities.  For this, brothels are a good place for entertainment.  Poverty and unemployment found in the cities also compel prostitution to many women.

(d) Intoxication: Alcoholism is an expression of personal dissolution.  This problem is particularly acute in cities.  The extreme form of this problem is seen when the cities

 

is ethically neutral.  I have accepted alcohol as a symbol of social prestige and common courtesy in large parties, ‘diners’, where the high level ‘gentlemen’ of the society gather.  In cities that have failed in their lives, there is also no shortage of such individuals.  It becomes clear to us from the crowd at the liquor shops.

(e) Beggary: People in cities not only get begged by the poverty, starvation and unemployment of the cities, but also give begging a commercial form.  In big cities, beggars own their work, whose job is to make beggars, to teach beggars how to beg, to distort or degrade their bodies in such a way that people feel self-pity.

 

  1. Other socio-economic effects of industrialization: Development of capitalist economy, uneven distribution of national wealth, economic crisis, unemployment, industrial quarrels, mental anxiety and disease, struggle and competition, increase in social mobility, labor division and specialization ‘we’  There are other effects of industrialization which are seen in India.  Westernization: Concept: Westernization refers to the process of change that arose in various aspects of Indian life, society and culture as a result of contact with the western culture that the British rulers had brought with them.  Dr. M. N. Srinivas (Dr.MNSrinivas), while explaining westernization, wrote, I have used the term westernization to mean changes in Indian society and culture as a result of one and a half year rule of British state.  And the term refers to changes occurring at different levels like technology, institutions, ideology, value etc.  (I have used the term weternization to characterize the changes brought about in Indian and culture as a result of over 150 years of British regulations and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels, technology, institutions ideology and values: MN Srinivas. “Social change  in Modern Indian “. University of California Press, 1966. P. 47)

 

Characteristics of Westernization:

 

  1. A broad concept: The concept of Westernization is quite broad.  It includes all kinds of physical and non-physical changes arising from the influence of the West.  Explaining Srinivas’s views in this regard, Kuppuswamy has written that westernization is mainly concerned with three areas:

(a) behavioral aspects, such as food, clothing, manner of etiquette and behavior patterns, etc.;  (b) Knowledge related aspects, such as: science, technology and literature etc.;  (c) Social value aspects, such as: humanism, secularism and egalitarian views, changes in all these aspects of society due to the influence of the West are related to westernization.

 

  1. Morally Neutral: It is not necessary to have morality elements in the process of westernization, ie the consequences of westernization can be good as well as bad.  Westernization has taken place only in a good direction in Indian society;  this is not the matter .  Thus this process

 

  1. Culture brought by the British: Many countries like America, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy etc. are understood by the word ‘Western country’.  There is a huge cultural difference among themselves.  The process of Westernization as a factor of social change in India is actually an effect of the form of Western culture that the British rulers brought with them and introduced them to the Indians.

 

  1. A complex process: The process of westernization involves many complex elements.  This process is also related only to the changes in practices, caste system, religion, family and living that have arisen as a result of scientific and technological progress in Western.  This process is also complicated because it did not affect the entire Indian society equally.  There is a greater influence of westernization in the cities than in the villages and in the upper classes than in the lower classes.

 

  1. Conscious – Subliminal process: Westernization is not only a conscious process but also a subliminal process.  In other words, social change has occurred only consciously in India through the process of Westernization;  It’s not like that .  We probably do not know when we have adopted many western cultural elements brought by the British spontaneously.  They have sublimated into our public life and caused change.

 

  1. Lack of a fixed format: There is no single format or ideal of Westernization.  In British rule, the ideal of westernization was the influence of England.  After independence, as India’s relations with Russia and America grew;  The influence of these countries on our technology and social and cultural life increased.  It is difficult to tell from the current changes in the Indian society due to western influence, which country is from this effect in England, America or Russia etc.  It is clear that the process of westernization in our country is not based on the ideal of any one country.

 

  1. Westernization is not related to any general culture: Westernization is definitely related to the influence of Western countries, but there is something found in the cultural characteristics of all Western countries.  The western country has no common culture.  Even after this  Srinivas has recognized that the process of westernization that we talk about for social change in India is really related to the influence of British culture.  This statement does not seem to be more appropriate because the changes in Indian society are the result of the combined influence of many countries of the West.

 

  1. Inclusion of many values: Westernization consists of many values ​​whose nature is quite different from the traditional values ​​of India.  For example, equality, freedom, individualism, material attractiveness, rationality and humanism are values ​​that are considered more important in Western culture.  Westernization is the name of the process of adopting these values ​​from the western instead of traditional values.  Impact of Westernization on Indian Society: Dr. MN Srinivas detailed the discussion of Westernization in his famous book Social Change in Modern India (P – 47) and Yogendra Singh in his book Modernization N ..

Processes of Social Change 103 1 of Indian Tradition (P – 9) as well as B. Kuppuswamy in his book Social Change in India (P – 62) discusses the effects of Westernization.  Due to Westernization, there has been a multi-faceted change in Indian society which can be seen on the following points:

 

  1. Change in Caste System: The biggest impact of Westernization on social life is that caste bondage, untouchability is eliminated.  happened .  This process placed more emphasis on social equality.  With this effect, the person gradually began to understand that the division of castes and the arrangement of high and low among them is not a divine creation but a planned social policy.  As a result, most of the people started opposing caste rules.  As a result of this, today social relations related to caste related to food, untouchability and business have been completely eliminated.  The lower castes started elevating their social status by following the practices of the upper castes.  Today, with the end of all social and economic disabilities of Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes and their special voting rights, the entire structure of the caste-system has crumbled.

 

  1. Changes in the status of women: Due to secularization, the condition of women began to change.  When personal freedom increased as a result of this, women also tried to increase their economic self-reliance by entering into various occupations and services.  The increasing rights of women in family marriage and public life are the result of these conditions today.  Changes in men’s attitudes towards women are also influenced by the ideology of Western culture that values ​​humanistic and egalitarian values.

 

  1. Changes in joint family: Due to the influence of westernization, personal freedom is helpful in promoting the individual.  That is why individuals separate from joint family and establish single family in cities.  This culture inspired people to increase their abilities and skills to achieve higher status and to use the income they earned with freedom.  Due to this idea being against joint family system, those people who were more qualified and courageous started leaving joint family.  As a result, there was a rapid increase in single families.  Due to the ideology presented by Westernization related to equality and material happiness, women also started to favor personal freedom and small family.  When women entered various economic sectors, it was no longer possible to remain united as their family.  The result of this is that today, in addition to the cities, there is a continuous decrease in the composition of joint families in the villages.

 

  1. Changes in customs: Westernization brought about a wide change in customs related to customs, customs, manner, way of living, eating, drinking, raising, seating, and every area of ​​life.  For example, handshake, good morning, sauri, pant – shirt etc.

 

  1. Changes in Marriage: As a result of Westernization, it was considered better to choose co-education, the opportunity for female men to work together, and to choose a suitable life partner instead of following the rules of intermarriage.  As a result

– Delay – The prevalence of marriage increased, on the other hand, many educated and aware persons started intermarrying.  At this time, marriage was seen as the basis of a healthy family life.  As a result, on the one hand the number of marriages and divisions started to increase and on the other, the rules related to endogamy and outflowing started to weaken.  Along with this, the practice of marriage with the people of their choice increased, which is called love marriage.

 

  1. Changes in Religious Life: Due to the influence of the culture of Westernization, there is a big change in the attitudes of superstitions, rituals and religious practices based on religion.  When the Christian preachers started attracting the attention of the people towards the blind beliefs and evils prevalent in the Hindu religion and inspired them to embrace Christianity, then the Hindus themselves also got inspired to evaluate the stereotypes based on their religion.  At this time, educated and rational persons started opposing the devasi system, untouchability, sati-practice, child-marriage, widow-marriage control and low status of women etc., devoted by religion.  The Christian missionaries presented the ideal of humanism and social equality in front of individuals, and many reformist communities in India tried to bring about useful changes in Hinduism by clarifying the importance of religious equality, human service and brotherhood in such communities.  , Arya Samaj and Ramakrishna Mission’s role is more important.  Due to the influence of the ideology of westernization, the effect of ghosts and emotionalism started to decrease, as well as the ideology of rationalism and karmaism changed.  Along with this, secularism developed.

 

  1. Increase in individualistic and material values: Due to the effect of westernization, due to hard work, importance is given to its development and its use in personal interest.  These are the conditions under whose influence secondary and interest-oriented social relations started increasing instead of primary relations in our society.  Today, the importance of performance and appearances in family and friendship relations is increasing.  Most of the people take more interest in those works which can give them personal benefit.  Traditionally, a person’s income was considered to be the moral right of all his close relatives, but today it is considered appropriate to use one’s success only in personal interest.  This change of attitudes and ideas has affected the form of all the traditional institutions of India.

 

  1. Changes in politics: Due to the influence of westernization, democratic and democratic institutions also started developing in our country.  The British government system was based on capitalist ideals which are themselves combined with many two social defects.  In response to these defects, communist, socialist and individualist political ideas and principles were also spread in this country.

 

  1. Development of Humanism: Dr. MN Srinivas has said that westernization includes certain values ​​which we can address in the name of ‘Humanism’.  ‘Humanism’ is a spirit in which Kalpana is given special importance without regard to human race, economic status, age, gender and religion.  Such feelings

Processes of social change have resulted in a consciousness of human rights in all sections of society.  The special rights given to the lower castes and backward castes in our society only explain the increase in humanism.  It was the belief of the British that when the neglected and backward sections of the society would be born with a consciousness of their rights, these classes would themselves start demanding equality.  This work could not be done during the British rule, but after independence, these sections have started demanding their rights and equality in all areas of urban rural and tribes

 

  1. Development of nationalism: Western culture, education and ideologies have not only given us  Not only brought it into contact with the national life of the world, but also created a cultural equality in different opposite groups within the country.  Seeing this cultural equality and other foreign nations, a new wave of unity and nationalism was shown in Indian life.

 

  1. Changes in the economic sector: As a result of westernization, the means of transport increased and industrialization increased, due to which the economic self-sufficiency of the village gradually ended and the commercialization of farming started.  The second impact on the economic life of the village was the destruction of rural industries, because the home industry could not survive in the competition of the machine industry.  Also, the old land system prevalent in the village was abolished and the zamindari system was developed.  Thus an exploitative system started in the village.  On the other hand, economic growth accelerated as a result of industrialization in the city.  Large mills and factories were established, the use of machines increased day by day and production started on a large scale.  Due to the advancement in the means of transport, not only increased intra-state trade but also increased inter-state trade, it also increased the trade and commerce of the country.  Today, the government policy of globalization and liberalization in business is also a result of westernization in a way.

 

  1. Changes in literature: Western literature and culture have also been influenced by literature in various Indian languages.  English literature is considered very rich in all modern literature of the world.  The English language provided an opportunity to Indian scholars and writers to read and understand and benefit from these English literature and other languages ​​of Europe.  This led to the incorporation of Western literary styles, material and ideas in the literature of Hindi as well as all other provincial languages ​​and modernized them.  In the novels and stories of Pt. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, the major problems of Hindu society were found, which was the influence of the British rule literature.  Influenced by English rule and education in the last phase of the 19th century, some writers of Bengal wrote about social reform and national enthusiasm in their literature.  Among them, ‘Anand Math’ written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee is called the Bible of Indian nationality.  In the same book, he wrote the national song 1 of ‘Vande Mataram’.  Thus westernization has brought about a multi-faceted change in Indian society which has affected all the fields of family, marriage, kinship, religion, education, literature, art, music, customs, economy, political system.

Processes of social change have resulted in a consciousness of human rights in all sections of society.  The special rights given to the lower castes and backward castes in our society only explain the increase in humanism.  It was the belief of the British that when the neglected and backward sections of the society would be born with a consciousness of their rights, these classes would themselves start demanding equality.  This work could not be done during the British rule, but after independence, these sections have started demanding their rights and equality in all areas of urban rural and tribes

 

  1. Development of nationalism: Western culture, education and ideologies have not only given us  Not only brought it into contact with the national life of the world, but also created a cultural equality in different opposite groups within the country.  Seeing this cultural equality and other foreign nations, a new wave of unity and nationalism was shown in Indian life.

 

  1. Changes in the economic sector: As a result of westernization, the means of transport increased and industrialization increased, due to which the economic self-sufficiency of the village gradually ended and the commercialization of farming started.  The second impact on the economic life of the village was the destruction of rural industries, because the home industry could not survive in the competition of the machine industry.  Also, the old land system prevalent in the village was abolished and the zamindari system was developed.  Thus an exploitative system started in the village.  On the other hand, economic growth accelerated as a result of industrialization in the city.  Large mills and factories were established, the use of machines increased day by day and production started on a large scale.  Due to the advancement in the means of transport, not only increased intra-state trade but also increased inter-state trade, it also increased the trade and commerce of the country.  Today, the government policy of globalization and liberalization in business is also a result of westernization in a way.

 

  1. Changes in literature: Western literature and culture have also been influenced by literature in various Indian languages.  English literature is considered very rich in all modern literature of the world.  The English language provided an opportunity to Indian scholars and writers to read and understand and benefit from these English literature and other languages ​​of Europe.  This led to the incorporation of Western literary styles, material and ideas in the literature of Hindi as well as all other provincial languages ​​and modernized them.  In the novels and stories of Pt. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Rabindranath Tagore, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, the major problems of Hindu society were found, which was the influence of the British rule literature.  Influenced by English rule and education in the last phase of the 19th century, some writers of Bengal wrote about social reform and national enthusiasm in their literature.  Among them, ‘Anand Math’ written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee is called the Bible of Indian nationality.  In the same book, he wrote the national song 1 of ‘Vande Mataram’.  Thus westernization has brought about a multi-faceted change in Indian society which has affected all the fields of family, marriage, kinship, religion, education, literature, art, music, customs, economy, political system.

Industrialization is an important process in the link of social and economic development.  Industrialization refers to the introduction of large scale new industries and the transformation of small industries into large ones.  The industrialization that took place on a large scale in the tribal areas was aimed at taking advantage of the natural resources of the tribal areas rather than developing them by employing tribal people.  Thus wrong advertising policy led to many bad consequences on tribal life such as cultural disintegration, individualism, secularism and social inequality.  Yet not all tribes experienced the same type of influence after industrialization.  In fact, how the impact of industrialization on a tribe depends on the kind of life that tribe has lived before industrialization and the intensity of industrialization.

 

Studies given by many anthropologists propose that industrialization has had different effects on each tribe.  Study of Prof. Lalitha Prasad Vidyarthi (1976), Study of Sarkar (1970), Study of J. Sarkar (1970) and T.V.  The study of R. Sharma (1960) confirms that industrialization leads to social disintegration, individualism, secularism and social inequality.  But on the other hand there are many such studies as Rajendra Singh (1967) study, Oragalengar (1962-63) study have different results from the effect of industrialization above.  The student studied HEC Hatia (Ranchi).  Before industrialization, there was equality of all kinds in Hatia like in place of residence, population, economic life and other way of life.  But after the industrialization, there was a lot of change in the first phase of industrialization.  Industrialization rendered the tribes homeless, which led to the problem of resettlement as well as cultural, economic and social disintegration.  Hatia developed into a very industrialized place, which often disrupted the community life of the tribes.  The dignity of the elders in the family began to end and the pressure on the person of the family also began to end.  Rehabilitation of language, religion, clothing and social rituals among tribes occurred.  J. Sarkar studied Bokaro Steel Plant in 1970.  They found that in the first phase of construction, their social and economic system has become disturbed and there has been a stir in their quiet life.  Traditional rural institutions such as the Jajmani system festival, ethnic relations have declined significantly and it seems that there is disappointment in front of the homeless tribes.  Sharma’s study of Jamshedpur in 1959-60 found that tribal culture disintegrated in the first phase of rapid industrialization.  There is neither a forest like before, nor the same method of living life as before.  Rajendra Singh, on the other hand, in a study of Patratu Thermal Station in 1970 found that there have been some other changes due to industrialization but the social structure of the nearby villages is unchanged due to industrialization.  A study of Ranchi area of ​​Chhotanagpur in 1962-63 by Oragalengar found that the tribes in the urban area have adopted Hindu deities.  After coming to the city, he has become more religious than secular.  N. K. Bose observed that due to industrialization, the tribes first became individualists and then they became socialized to protect their economic and political interests.  The above harmful effects of industrialization do not lead to the conclusion that the tribal area should not be industrialized at all.  But to remove the poverty and hunger of the tribals, it is necessary that cottage industries were started here.  This domestic and cottage industry should be related to their forest and should be related to their mineral.  With such low capital cost and more employment generating industries, human and material resources will be used properly in the tribal areas.  Therefore, the trend of using heavy machinery in tribal areas should be stopped.  Must pay attention to this matter such that there is no such step of industrialization that leads to depletion of tribal life and culture.

 

 Globalization:

The meaning of globalization or globalization literally means to make the whole earth or the whole world a circle.  This means a central system.  In the new context, the global system is that in which capital freely moves across national boundaries and promotes the free market system. Globalization is a new process which started in the mid-1980s and actually started in 1990.  In the editorial of International Sociology, Goran Theraban has called it a very close heritage of social sciences in the 21st century.  Amit Bhaduri and Deepak Nayyar said that the liberalization policy that India has adopted is in itself a conservative system.  Its practical form should be a kind of equality in food, living and housing in one village of the whole world, ie it wants to give production and consumption a shape in the whole world.  According to economists and sociologists, three important aspects of globalization

  1. Globalization has opened up the international market.  A person from any one country can invest in another country.
  2. International investment can be made easily.  A person from any one country can invest in another country.
  3. International financial assistance can be used in the economy.  Thus, there are two pillars of the nature of globalization.  Which is how 1. Make the border of the country economically unhindered, that is, the border of the country should not become a hindrance in trade of goods, capital-investment and other activities.  2. The role of the state should be limited to law and order i.e. the state should not interfere in economic activities.  Technology plays the biggest role in enabling and succeeding the process of globalization as it transcends the society of the country without any alum and its expansion is the key to its success.  In the process of globalization, we not only describe a new industry but also accept new thinking, new ideas and new culture.  As a result of globalization in 1991, new processes have also started in the Indian market 1. Open international trade 2. International investment 3. International finance 3. The above mentioned new processes and the effects of globalization are also on Indian society, whose discussion is embedded in the impact of liberalization.  Liberalisation: Liberalization is the process in which there is a system of tax-free trade and government control over imports, exports and capital investment etc. is minimal.  Adam Smith first discussed it in the theory of ‘laissez-faire’ and also supported it.  Liberalization is an economic strategy in which the entire economic system is based on the open market system.  Two main concepts operate in the liberalization economy.  Which are as follows
  4. Stabilization and
  5. Stabilizing structural adjustments are programs that are adopted to avert socioeconomic crises in which short-term installments are repaid by increasing inflation.  goes .  Its second important concept is the structural adjustment under which economic adjustment and some economic reforms are to be done, which are mainly related to policy rules.  The objectives of which include 1. Trading of impractical goods
  6. Privatization and encouraging private sectors
  7. Providing more openness to the economy and
  8. Relying more on market forces etc.  The process of liberalization is different from the process of universalization in the sense that universalization speaks of concentration whereas liberalization talks of least control.  Some of the important facts of liberalization are
  9. Removal of government control over imports
  10. Changing the tax structure
  11. Creating new policies that help in marketing of industrial power.
  12. To encourage capital investment by increasing foreign exchange policy.  The process of industrialization in India started in 1840 according to BB Mishra, but due to the imperialist domination before independence, their status remained more shabby.  Those who tried to revive by adopting a mixed system of economy from 1948 and a new industrial policy were announced in 1956 under which the basic and some important industries were reserved for the public sector and the rest was left for the private sector.  But this policy did not succeed due to various reasons and by the late 70s, India got stuck in the debt trap by sinking in foreign debt and the process of liberalization and privatization started slow and in the 90s 1991, the booming economy and debt international  Liberalization and privatization became the compulsion of India under pressure from financial agencies.  Therefore, in 1991, India announced a new economic policy in which liberalization and privatization were given priority, which have serious effects on Indian life.  Which can be discussed as follows

 

  1. Social inequality: The distance between rich and poor has increased considerably.  The rich have become more wealthy and the poverty of the poor has also increased.  According to government figures, 36% of the people are still living below the poverty line while the actual situation is far more frightening.  In the 70s and 80s, poverty was decreasing by 2% every year but between 1991 and 97 it did not decrease but it has increased.  Today, every third Indian is cursed to live in a state of severe poverty.

 

  1. Loss of small and cottage industries: Due to shrinking of opportunities and unemployment, the condition of workers and farmers associated with them is pathetic and they are victims of starvation.  The rate of employment of unemployed was 6.6% in 1986-87 which decreased to 3.7% from 1995-96.  In the last 10 years, 36% of small-scale industries have closed down and another 20% is expected to be closed in the next 2 or 3 years.

Rural traditional industries have been completely destroyed and mechanized products from the West have started replacing them and from April 1, 2001, 1429 goods have also been removed from the ban.  This will make the situation even more frightening day by day.

 

  1. Less importance of rural community: Due to new policies, the importance of rural community has decreased more than before and the attraction of people towards cities has increased.  Due to this, different types of problems are arising in cities, which neither the government nor the general public will have the will to solve.

 

  1. Stress in the family: Not only has this increased pressure on joint families, but single family has also come under stress.  The attraction of women towards marketization has increased and they have moved out of their homes in search of employment, which has reduced their obligations towards the home and not only the family but also the society is facing stress and disruption.  The rates of searches have increased and women outside the home have also fallen victim to a distorted mentality.  This has reduced the groupistic tendency of Indian culture which Madhukishivar has positively changed

 

  1. Cultural Impact: If seen from its cultural point of view, it seems more dangerous.  Today, new relationships are being told to young men and women through TV.  Culture is being manipulated in the name of education and entertainment.  Needless to say what kind of impact the nagannata and violence are being shown in foreign-held films.  This thing is not limited to organized films only, but in the serials of the native channels, the youth are being made to be intimidated by new methods of violence, loot and rape.  In the name of fashion, girls are being shown half-heartedly and condoms etc. are being openly publicized, which is changing our attitude towards women and seeing them as mother, daughter-in-law and daughter, not only to understand the object of use  This has resulted in murder, looting and molestation on the way

 

  1. Impact on educational system: Today we are not proud of our history and literature, but we do not get tired of talking about foreign literature.  Media too has moved away from its responsibilities and it has now become only a means of earning money.  Education is not meant to be a mirror of society but has become a bread earner.

 

  1. Impact on Agriculture: In this journey of liberalization, agriculture, which was once considered the backbone of our economy and symbol of traditional culture, was not untouched.  Foreign companies are poisoning the whole system.  They are eager to bring this entire agricultural system under their control through patents and other means.

 

  1. Fiscal deficit: Not only this, after liberalization, our fiscal deficit continues to grow.  We are constantly getting entangled in the debt-trap team.  Our national growth rate has also been unstable, the effect of which is being seen in the form of falling standard of living.  Pointing to this, American thinker Noam Chelmsky has also defined it as profit at the expense of the public.

 

.  9. Political influence: The economy of the country has become foreign-oriented and politics is seen turning towards the lower strata of society, due to which, a situation of tension is seen in many places, whose lava sometimes appears to burst.  The influence of regionalism has increased in politics and the goal of the politicians is only to reach power, which is reducing their accountability to the public.  A conflicting trend is arising in economic policy and politics, which is giving rise to an odd new crisis.

 

  1. Casteism, communalism, corruption: Due to the expansion of urbanization and consumerist tendency in the tour of liberalization, the increase in materialism and feudalism like feudalism, communal mentality, corruption, terror and violence is happening.  Which will ultimately prove harmful not only for the nation but also for humanism.  Therefore, it is clear from all the above analysis that although liberalization was adopted with the aim of creating a healthy, industrializing competitive environment and technological development, which has got some success, but its faults have started to become clear and visible.  That is, liberalization has not benefited us as much as it has done so far, which has required more attention.

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