reduced employment opportunities in agriculture
In order to increase productivity, along with capitalist agriculture and investment, mechanization of agricultural operations has also taken place. This sharply reduces the labor requirement. Labor planning has increased in small and medium agriculture because the use of family labor enables them to bring wages below the subsistence level. Ultimately, the employment structure in capitalist agriculture does not have room for the consumption of additional labor force.
Capitalist agriculture destroys the ability to absorb labor in the agricultural sector in an uncertain way (albeit at low productivity and low income). Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh have higher wage rates than the rest of India, but employment flexibility (increase in employment with increase in yield per unit) is almost zero or even less. Social property relations blocked the transfer of occupancy; the surplus accumulated with the dense farmers could not be transferred to the construction industry.
The movement of rich peasants emerged in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and indeed in Punjab and Haryana. He put a stop to agricultural tax and demanded favorable conditions in agricultural trade. The accumulated surplus in agriculture was concentrated in a few hands. Thus the expansion of the intensive construction industry was blocked. The state-supported industrialization was in line with the needs of the bourgeoisie in the industry. The state invested in heavy industries which were capital intensive and generated limited employment opportunities.
Producer class in goods In France, the stubborn agriculturists did not allow capitalist influence to take place for a long time and frustrated it. At whatever stage the bourgeoisie peasantry rises, and whether it occurs or not, it is the center of the state in the midst of pre-capitalist structures and property relations and agrarian transition.
Even today in most of the rural areas the identity of a person is based on his folk culture. In such a situation, the individual may not be ready to completely eliminate the folk culture in order to maintain its regional conformity and fulfill its needs in a particular cultural environment. The truth is that today the modernity of the cities themselves is being influenced by the characteristics of the folk life of the villages. In this situation, it cannot be expected that folk culture can ever be completely eliminated by modernization.
The process of modernization in the Indian rural community has also greatly influenced the folk culture. In fact, folk culture is the internal expression of the life of the entire rural community and any change in it indicates a change in the entire rural life.
The effect of modernization on folk culture started from the British period itself. With the establishment of modern educational institutions at this time, there was a wide spread of education, as a result of which the traditional practices of the rural community started to change which were an essential part of the folk culture. Traditional folk culture lacked written laws and disregarding or criticizing traditions was seen as a social crime.
As a process, not only new laws were created, but every person was given the right to openly criticize such traditional practices which are conservative and hinder the progress of society. Even after this it is true that due to the intensity of modernization in India after independence, the folk culture of the villages has started getting affected more internally. It is the effect of modernization that today the influence of religious beliefs in the villages has started decreasing and in their place secularization and secularism have increased.
Under traditional folk culture, rural economy was not based on organized markets and the individual produced only for his own consumption. Agriculture was commercialized as a result of modernization. At this time the crops produced on the basis of specialization were sold in the market in cash and the tendency of the villagers towards production became related to profit and loss. This new situation increased the contact of the villagers with the towns, which adversely affected the stability of the folk culture. Folk culture is practically an oral cultural tradition which is passed on orally to future generations.
Due to the increasing importance of the press and written ideas under modernization, now the same part of the folk culture
are considered more important, which develop into the written tradition. The educated people in the villages have started trying to develop it in the form of written tradition to keep their folk culture alive and to spread it. Some degree of commercialization of folk culture has also taken place in contemporary rural society.
In order to promote and spread dance, music and drama related to folk culture, arrangements are being made in the villages and many villagers also spread the culture of their area to other areas so that they can spread more and more through it. to get more benefits. After acquiring skill in the field of dance, music and drama, many pramen also make it their medium of livelihood.
For example, those villagers are now considered special representatives of folk culture who are invited on the basis of cash payment to radio, television or civic functions to present programs of folk culture. One of the main features of folk culture is to give importance to the worship of local gods and goddesses. Today, due to the spread of education, scientific attitudes and modern features like rationality, more interest is being taken in the worship of such gods and goddesses, which are not related to small traditions but with large traditions.
This is the reason that today the guardian deity of the village is not recognized as it was till some time ago. It is clear from the above discussion that the process of modernization has affected the entire rural life including folk culture in a big way. It is the belief of some scholars that if this process of change in the direction of modernization continues at this pace, then in future the existence of folk culture will end. this statement
In spite of its partial truth, it is not entirely appropriate. The reality is that even after various processes of change, the existence of folk culture in rural life exists in its modified form.