Rural Development and Transformation
Before considering rural development and change, it is very important to understand the meaning of development. In the English dictionary, development has been described in the sense of “Agradual (unfolding). Maximum knowledge of any thing, growth of bacteria”, etc. In a way, the growth of disease in the body can also be called development, but This meaning of development is different from social development. The orientation is in line with the social value and towards the good, it is called PROGRESS, but development is such a process of change in which there is an increase of differentiation.
The value of development is not from the social value. It can be both good and evil. This stage shows the signs of change. Human’s social life is changeable, so development is related to
It is only due to progressive changes in human life and progress from one stage to another. Hobhouse has explained four parameters of social organism. They say that a community should be said to be developed when
Its quantity, efficiency, freedom and reciprocity of service increase. The increase of quantity in the community means the expansion of population, power generation and activities etc. The increase in the efficiencies means to divide the tasks for the fulfillment of some purpose and encourage the spirit of cooperation, freedom means to do the work of every person of the community and Have the right to express an opinion. Reciprocity of service means to increase the spirit of mutual cooperation and service among the people. On the basis of these criteria, Hobhouse has clarified the distinction between ‘full development’ and ‘partial development’. Moral in full development • The needs are met to the extent and harmony is maintained in them.
In partial development, one or two of these parameters are fulfilled to the extent that the other is not. According to Butmore, the word development has been used in the works by many new sociologists to reveal the distinction between rural and agricultural and industrialized societies. Thus the word development has been used to describe two features in the new • ideology. 2. For those economic changes that can be measured and recognized. In this sense, if man succeeds in increasing the control over nature by increasing knowledge and through new inventions, then surely it will be called development.
Thus we see that the word development is used in maximum economic sense, increase in per capita income, increase in division of labor and specialization, increase in production and industries, increase in capital formation and more and more control over nature by human economic development. indicates to. It is not appropriate to limit the use of the word development to a few specific changes. It can be used in many fields like religion, customs, family, politics, culture etc. On the basis of all these considerations we can say that social development is the development oriented change of the society in which controlled and necessary efforts are made for the fulfillment of definite objectives.
Directions of Change in Rural Society
Like all other events, the rural community has been undergoing continuous changes since the time of its existence. The truth is that the technology, economy, social institutions, art, religion, literature, ideology etc. of the rural community are all going through a series of changes. After the independence of the country, this sequence of change in the rural community has become quite rapid. In the present times, many important changes have arisen in the rural community life due to the circumstances like industrialization, urbanization, spread of scientific temper, development of means of education, communication etc. These changes were discussed in detail by Dr. AR Desai, Dr. D N Mazumdar, Dr. DR Gadgil, S Thirumalai etc. have been done by sociologists in their respective works. The changes taking place in the Indian rural community can be briefly understood in the following order
Doctor . According to Shyamacharan Dubey the changes taking place in the Indian rural community 1. Religious outlook is dying out and its opposite worldly outlook is going on. There is an increase in the importance of meaning. 2. The caste system is becoming weak and the basis of social stratification is becoming economic. 3. The caste basis of social stratification is disappearing and in its place more importance is being given to Gorkhas etc. But education capacity 4. Caste rigidity is decreasing and its restrictions are breaking now. Caste marriage is still prevalent. The social status of an individual is no longer determined on the basis of caste. , Rather, on the basis of qualities and abilities, the upper classes of rural communities have adopted the western and modern life style and the people of the lower classes have started imitating the upper class.
Changes taking place in Indian rural community ,according to AR Desai
- Individualism and individual competition are increasing in place of collectivism. 2. Origin of individual ownership 3. Now the market system is developing. 4. Due to the effect of mechanization, cottage industries are getting destroyed. 5. With the destruction of cottage industries, artisans are becoming useless and the number of landless laborers is increasing. 6. Family power is declining and the joint family is being replaced by small families.
change processes
Change is a natural process, no society can escape change, whether it is economic, political, cultural or rural society. For the analysis of rural social change, sociologists have mentioned many processes, some of which are prominent – Sanskritization. Change through, change through westernization and modernization, change through urbanization and industrialization, change through universalization and localization, etc.
migration
Migration means the process of moving from one geographical area to another, either permanently or temporarily. The element of permanence exists in the state of migration. from one country to another by migration,
Traveling from one place to another, from village to city or from village to village. in India .
The process of migration has been very rapid in India in the last few years, due to many reasons the population moves from villages to cities. In real terms, in developing countries where 3/4 of the world’s population lives, there has been more migration from villages to cities and migration continues even further. The population of cities has increased rapidly in the last few years. Due to this the number of cities has also increased.
The most urbanized state of India is No Morum Maharashtra Tamilna but the urban population is found between about 40-45%. On the other hand, about 20-25% of the population lives in the city in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.
The overall percentage of India’s urbanization in 2001 has been 27.75%. Looking at the above data, it is clear that the population of other cities is increasing and its population is increasing, then many problems and problems are also being born due to the arrival of population of villages and villages. Similarly, from the observation of various rural data, it is known that the pressure of population is increasing in the villages too. Joint families are breaking up, the size of agriculture is getting smaller.
The pressure on the land is increasing. The main reason for this has been illiteracy of means of livelihood, family attachment, times of pure environment etc. Millions of people move every year to the cities and towns in the villages due to the multiplicity of factories etc. Have given .
One of the main reasons for the migration to the villages has also been the Green Revolution. Due to the increase in the fertility and productivity of the land through the Green Revolution, the village has been an area of attraction for the people. Along with this, due to the development of small industrial areas based on the background of good facilities, advanced seeds and abundance of agriculture, there has been further migration from village to village.
Mobility Socioeconomic Factors of Change
Mobility in Indian society is found in two forms horizontal and vertical. Examples of social mobility being a traditional society are rarely found here, while horizontal social mobility is found more here. The following examples can be given of this type of mobility.
Lower caste people took higher education and held high positions. New occupations furthered social mobility and thus western education, urban housing and personal employment of many classes created new divisions in each caste and reduced social distance between different castes. Emphasized the importance of earned status rather than conferred.
Many studies related to social mobility in India show that the traditional relationship between caste and occupation is ending now and a person is no longer attached to his traditional occupation. The upper and middle castes have given up their caste occupations and have taken up new occupations. The status of women has also changed due to education and urbanization. Now De has started entering into middle class businesses. In the fields of teachers, nurses, operators, etc., he has defeated his best. This is an indication of their social mobility.
The importance of economic factor in bringing about social change has been accepted by all scholars. The direct relation of economic factors is one of the essential demands for our life. All the people of the society have their own economic problems. Every person runs towards the economic sector to run his livelihood and increase his happiness and prosperity. Industrialization has brought great dynamism in the economic life of the society. Due to economic factors, industry, children have developed, due to the development of means of transport and communication, development of cities, etc., due to economic factors, the family has become urban. Joint families are breaking up, small family is losing importance and people’s work is changing.
Due to economic factors such as women working with men, boys and girls doing day-night shifts in call centers as a desire to be financially independent, etc., delay marriages, love marriages and inter-caste marriages in India today. – Increasing day by day. It is also a living example of social mobility.
With the establishment of democracy in independent India, there has been an increase in social mobility, regional intra and external, commercial, intra-provincial, inter-familial, inter-kinship, inter-religious, ecclesiastical, international, etc. The spread of education, industrialization, urbanization created mobility among the people and from this people became dynamic to get drunk. Due to which there was increase in urbanization.
Social mobility is found more in cities than in villages, mainly because of the spread of education in the city, increase in economic activities, opportunities for professional advancement are more. On the contrary, in the village, the status provided is more important which generates social mobility whereas in the cities the importance of the acquired situation is there. At the same time, the person is identified on the basis of his educational qualifications and qualities after identifying him with caste, family, gotra etc. High ambition is found in the urban person and the person is always eager to achieve it. The people of the cities have a strong desire to rise above the social ladder.
They keep a shadow so that they get position and status as well as money.
The main reason for the low and linear mobility in Indian society is the caste system. Despite the caste rigidity, the middle-level castes have tried to rise higher in the caste hierarchy, that is, they have become dynamic, this is what scholars have called Sanskritization.
Doctor . Srinivas has explained Sanskritization in the form of social mobility among the Gaud and Ori people of India and the Coorgs of South India and the Bhils of Western India. He has written that before the British India fire, Indian society has been traditional and stable, but from a minute observation it is proved that there were opportunities for different castes to move up or down the local self. Similarly, Stan has given examples of family dynamics in medieval India while not of group dynamics.
During the British rule, due to the spread of education, the impact of western civilization and culture on the Indian society, there was a change in the social dynamics, in the traditional Indian society, the relationship between caste and business began to break down.
Women are gradually becoming self-reliant by doing jobs, raising their status in the family and society. Along with this, by adopting the modern means of family planning, they are in favor of giving birth to at least children. Such mobility is due to economic changes. , Nil, working together of people of different religions in factories, offices and various industrial institutions caste and class system and religious
bonded and migrant laborers
Bonded labor is also one of the different categories of laborers. The bonded labor includes those workers or laborers who are witness to the severe poverty and slavery in the country. The bonded labor system is very ancient. In the olden days, poor people used to take loans from the moneylenders to meet their food and other needs. In lieu of the loan, they had to become slaves with the moneylenders and work under them or whatever they told them to do. If the debt was not repaid while he was alive, then after death the son of that laborer had to work again in the same way as his father did. In this way bonded labor continued from generation to generation.
‘Rudra Dutt and Sundaram’ have written giving the definition of bonded labour. that a bonded laborer is an agricultural labourer, who, according to a contract, works either on the farm of his landlord, or from whom he needs to borrow money or grain for his livelihood or for conducting any religious or ritual Had to. A bonded laborer is one who promises to continue to render his services to the lender until his loan is repaid with interest. This word of the laborer keeps getting transferred from generation to generation and he becomes a victim of exploitation at the hands of moneylender.
Characteristics of bonded labor
Bonded laborers themselves are mortgaged for work on special occasions or for the treatment of serious illness. When money is needed, the lenders mortgage some valuable goods, but the one who is already poor has the moneylender’s security with him. There is nothing to give in the form except himself, so the laborer works with the moneylender by becoming his own commodity.
Different names of bonded labor This practice is known by different names in different places because bonded labor is prevalent throughout the country. They are called ‘Panaiya’ in Madras, ‘Holia’ and ‘Muliya’ in Odisha, ‘Varmaria’ and ‘Kamiyan’ in Bihar, ‘Harpawa’ in Madhya Pradesh and ‘Sagaho’ in Rajasthan.
Efforts to end bonded labor Before independence, during the British rule, no special attention was paid to the bonded labor system, the British Parliament had passed a law in the year 1933. Through this, efforts were made to end bonded labor throughout the British Empire but it did not have any effect in India.
A bonded laborer is an agricultural laborer who works on the farm of his landlord or moneylender. He has to keep working until his loan is paid off. Like other labourers, bonded labor cannot freely work in another person’s field as per his wish.
Bonded labor will also remain hereditary, it is a condition that is passed on from generation to generation. If the borrower dies without paying the loan or is unable to do so due to serious illness, his son has to do his job. Even if the debt is not repaid, then the next generation does the same thing. The bonded laborer will not be free until the debts of the fathers and grandfathers are not paid, but nowadays this practice is ending day by day.
There is no limit to the work, there is neither morning nor night for the bonded laborer, he has to keep working continuously. How much work will be done, for how long will it continue, no rule, no criterion. It all depends on his master, how long he keeps working.
Rural Sociology The tribals of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have been victims of exploitation of moneylenders. Bonded laborers make their living by eating torn old clothes, uncooked stale food.
Bonded labor is the result of the culmination of poverty, people belonging to Scheduled Castes, Tribes and Other Backward Classes are more. because they become helpless
are forced to become bonded labourers.
Post-Independence Efforts
Indian Constitution After independence, slavery, begging and other forms of forced labor were prohibited by the Constitution. After constitutional prohibition, some states enacted laws to end bonded labor.
Movement of Bonded Labor Even after the provisions of the Constitution, the end of bonded labor did not yield results, so the communists organized a movement against their exploitation by the tribal bonded laborers.
The purpose of these movements was to tell the public and the government how the moneylender exploits the laborers.
Report of the Scheduled Castes / Tribes Commission The Government of India appointed a commissioner of scheduled castes and tribes to conduct a study of the conditions of the laborers, the exploitation of bonded laborers was exposed in the reports of the commissioner. Bonded Labor Abolition Act According to the Bonded Labor Abolition Act, 1976, the bonded labor system was abolished in the whole country. For the first time, the government took strict action against the moneylenders, contractors and those persons who are taking work from bonded labor in one form or the other. Till December 1977, 1,02,060 laborers were identified under the Bonded Labor Abolition Act. They were also freed from their debts.
migrant laborers
About 87% of the people in our country come under the working population. A large part of this working population consists of agricultural workers, laborers working in other sectors and industrial workers.
At present the number of industrial workers is around 5 crores. The number of workers and laborers working in other sectors is estimated to be around 4 crores here. A large number of these different types of labor workers are migrants.
The reason for the large number of migrant laborers in this country is that permanent labor is generally not needed in the field of agriculture. Many industries are also of seasonal nature. Due to this situation people are not able to get permanent wages or work.
Also, after independence, in the last 50 years, development work has been done very fast in many areas, sometimes more factories are engaged in comparison to other areas. Apart from this, where proper arrangement of irrigation facilities could be done, the Green Revolution has also happened very fast. It is clear that there has been a special need of laborers or laborers in those areas, which have developed at a faster rate than other areas.
In such a situation, there has been migration of laborers from one place to another, from one area to another, from one village to another and from village to city. Due to the increasing pressure of the population on the land, they are not able to get work, especially in the nearby village or area, as a laborer or laborer, then they are forced to go elsewhere in search of work. Such people are called migrant laborers.
Migrant tendencies are especially found among Indian laborers. Its main thing is that when the laborer is not getting wages in the village, he comes to work in the factories of the city, but as soon as the harvesting or sowing of crops starts in the village, he returns to the village. is reached. In this way, the migrant tendency is found in the laborer or labourer. In order to solve the problems of migrant laborers in the agricultural sector, it is necessary that these people have their own trade unions which can work at the regional or state level.
problems of migrant laborers
Following are the major problems of landless laborers (agricultural labourers), marginal and small farmers and migrant workers.
Low standard of living The standard of living of these people is very low. Due to low income, these people are able to spend very little on consumption and are not able to meet their essential needs easily. They spend about 77% of their income on food items, 6% on clothing, 8% on fuel and light and 9% on services and other items.
Indebtedness Most of the agricultural laborers are indebted due to low income. Even for fulfilling their essential needs, they have to take loans. Debt is inherited by them. These people are born in debt, and die in debt. About the workers of the tea gardens of Assam, Prof. Gadgil wrote, “Their condition was no better than that of the slaves.”
Problem of employment One of the problems of agricultural laborers is that they do not get regular employment and have to spend time in the situation of unemployment and under-employment. Their whole life is full of unemployment, poverty, exploitation, oppression and uncertainty. In some places the condition of agricultural laborers is like that of slaves and the landowners take forced labor from them and pay very little wages. The condition of temporary workers from the point of view of employment is very pathetic. They have to live in unemployment condition for 3 to 6 months in a year. As a result, unemployment increases further. The increase in unemployment from agriculture is due to mechanization.
Lack of Subsidiary Funds There is a lack of subsidiary resources in the village. If there is no crop in any type of village due to flood, famine, drought etc., then the agricultural workers cannot get any other means of subsistence, as a result of which they are further immersed in indebtedness.
Pathetic social condition Most of the workers of the country are members of neglected and downtrodden castes.
Their social status is very low and they are exploited in different ways. Because of this they are denied many rights.
Lack of organization The main problem of agricultural laborers is the lack of any kind of organization, they are uneducated, ignorant and ignorant as well as are spread in far-flung parts of the country. In the absence of organization, they do not have the ability to bargain, so they are not able to raise their voice even to increase their wages, regularize them according to the working hours, stop forced labor etc.
Working conditions In addition to low wages, the agricultural laborers faced very difficult conditions; For example, hard work has to be done in harsh sunlight or heavy rain. Their working hours are erratic and irregular and they do not get leave and other facilities. This adversely affects their health, work capacity and life.
impoverishment
Poverty or poverty is a universal problem and even rich countries have not been able to escape from its grip. There are lakhs of such families in India who are unable to lead a mediocre life. They lack sufficient food and clothing. In the present times, the Industrial Revolution has created a great economic disparity between the poor and the rich. Today the whole world is divided into two parts, economically rich and poor. Poverty and wealth are comparative words. In simple language, the meaning of poverty is taken from economic inequality, economic dependence and economic inefficiency. Defining poverty, Gillin and Gillin write, “Poverty is a condition in which a person, either due to insufficient income or senseless expenditure, is unable to maintain his standard of living high enough to maintain his physical and mental capacity and keep its natural dependents able to function usefully according to the standards of their society.” According to Weaver, “poverty can be defined as a standard of living in which health and physical efficiency are not maintained.” According to Goddard, “Poverty is a condition of insufficient supply of those things which a person needs to maintain the health and strength of himself and his dependents. “Poverty is determined in different ways in rural and urban areas. In rural areas, those people are considered below the poverty line, who are ‘ 229 per person per month at the price level of the year 1993-94 and 264 per cent in urban areas. Individuals cannot spend per month. A family with a membership of five persons in villages is poor who cannot spend 11,060 per annum on consumption and 11,850 in cities. According to the details presented by the government in Parliament in February 1997, A person earning 15000 per annum will be considered to be living maximum life as per below poverty line. One of the basis of poverty determination is that a person should get 2400 calories of energy per day in villages and 2100 calories of energy giving food per day in cities. It is clear from this that poverty is a condition in which a person cannot fulfill the needs of himself and his dependents.
non-cultivation
Land is the main means of agricultural production. The land here is generally found to be family or individual ownership. If a family has hundreds of acres of land, then a family has only one or two acres of land.
The family having one or two acres of land, in this case, when a family is divided, the land of that family is divided and in this way, if the family is divided again, the part of the land is either divided or owned by any one. remains, then the remaining members have to lose their land, in which case they change from farmer to non-farmer.
Such people have to be forced to work in the agricultural sector as landless laborers or by going to some other place. Marginal farmers and small farmers also further division and fragmentation of land
Later, they become victims of the non-farmerisation process and they also have to work in the factory either as landless laborers or by going to some other place. Apart from this, people who do not have much fertile land and who do not have the system of manure-seeds and bullocks, advanced agricultural equipment etc., they also have to face non-cultivation later and such farmers are compulsorily their land in some big way. Sell them to the zamindar and themselves come in the position of laborers.
increasing debt burden
Some such traditions are also prevalent in rural India and their customs are such that a lot has to be spent to protect the honor and dignity, so the small people have to take loans to meet the need, usually while taking loans, they He has to mortgage his land and interest increases on interest and he is not able to free the land again from the clutches of moneylender and he has to lead a life of non-cultivation. Many similar customs; For example, a lot has to be spent on the occasion of marriage, death etc. In other words we can say that social problems or social evils found in rural areas are also responsible for non-farmisation.
dominance of certain classes
Although, through the government and many other agencies, efforts were also made to distribute additional land among the weaker sections. say somewhere
But in this effort it came that later their lands were also taken over by the big moneylenders or big landowners taking advantage of their poverty and ignorance, this also encouraged non-farmisation.
lack of agricultural resources
Many problems related to agriculture are still present in the rural area, such as in some places where adequate means of irrigation are not available, in such a situation the farmers have to depend on the monsoon and due to the uncertainty of the monsoon, there is a drought. Or sometimes there is a flood, such conditions also contribute to spoil the economic condition of the farmers. In such a situation many farmers are forced to sell their land.
And himself has to work as an agricultural laborer or a laborer in an industrial area.
Effects and Solutions of Non-Farming
On the basis of facts, it can be said that the people of the weaker section of the society especially have to face the situation of non-farmerisation. Most of the people belonging to scheduled castes, tribes and some other backward castes come in non-farmisation. According to these circumstances, instead of decreasing, non-farmization is increasing. Efforts are to be made that those people who come from farmer to non-farmer status, those people should also get opportunities for their development. Therefore it is necessary that employment opportunities should be increased, cottage industry should be encouraged and agricultural laborers should be given proper daily wages. We know that this task is very difficult, yet the country’s leadership should take effective steps in this direction by showing its strong will power.