Rural Sociology
Rural Sociology of the society influenced by the rural environment. Meticulous, systematic, clear and related to scientific study. Keeping this objective in mind, a detailed analysis of the rural social system is being done through various scientific researches from the rural environment. With the emergence of rural sociology, it was also determined that this discipline would study not only the structural side of the rural social system, but also its dynamic side. Rural Social Organization, Rural Social Structure, Functions, Social Processes, Rural Social Relations. The study of rural social problems and changes in the rural social system was considered as the subject matter of rural sociology. T. L. Smith, while discussing it very beautifully, has written that “Gramiga probably refers to the systematic knowledge of social relations as ‘Gramiga. It would be more appropriate to refer under the heading ‘Sociology of Life’. ” 1
Meaning and Definition of Rural Sociology
From the literal point of view, ‘Rural Sociology’ is made up of two words ‘Rural’ and Sociology’. Thus we see that rural sociology in a broad sense is that branch of sociology which deals with rural social life . It is the scientific study of rural groups, rural social relations, or more precisely, the rural world. Many sociologists have tried to define rural sociology, some of them are the following. Rural social organization is the study of social processes operating in rural society. “If we analyze this definition of Champit, we will find that Chapin has pointed out three important things in his definition –
- Rural social organization – in which attention is paid to the structural and functional side of the village.
2 . Rural population – in which the population aspect of the villages, gender ratio, density. and population distribution is studied
- Social Processes – In which the major organizational and disruptive social processes found in rural population are studied, such as cooperation, TRAS adaptation, competition, conflict etc. joe. Senderson defines it in ‘Rural Sociology and Social Morganization’, writing that “Rural sociology is the sociology of life found in the rural environment.
It is clear from this definition of Dr. Senderson that the scientific study of the rural environment or the social life of the people living in the village is called rural sociology. ‘ It is written – “The approach displayed in this book emphasizes that the whole of sociology is a unity. Its basic facts and principles should generally be used carefully within the stated safe limits, which should not be forgotten. Some researchers study those events and processes, which are mostly inherent in the rural environment or are confined only to those individuals who are engaged in agribusiness. Such sociological facts can be made everyday in the form of a theory rural sociology, which are cited from the study of rural social relations. ,
Tea . It is clear from this definition of Lynn Smith that the scientific study of the arrangement of social relations in the rural environment is known as rural sociology. In other words, ‘Ruralism’ has an important place in rural sociology. The entire scripture is based on this foundation.
Doctor . a . r. Desai, in his most important and prestigious work ‘Rural Sociology in India’, has clarified the nature of rural sociology on the basis of its objectives, without presenting any one universal definition of rural sociology. Grapp writes, “The main objective of rural sociology is to make a scientific, systematic and detailed study of its structure, functions, and objective tendencies of development, and on the basis of a systematic study. But knows the rules related to its development.
Ale . Nelson has written in ‘Rural Sociology’ that “The subject matter of rural sociology is the analysis and analysis of animal populations as they occur in the rural environment.” It is written that “rural sociology can be defined as a scientific study which studies rural human beings in the context of those groups, which
That rural human interacts between the two. It is clear from this definition that rural sociology is the study of interacting rural groups and individuals influenced by rural beliefs.
Above we have presented some definitions of rural sociology. If we try to analyze these definitions in a nutshell, we will see that rural sociology makes a scientific study of rural society. In other words we can say that rural sociology is of rural life. Sociology is. Even more clearly we can present it in advance points
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Rural sociology is a branch of sociology.
2 . Rural sociology studies the people living in rural environment.
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Rural sociology is mainly concerned with rural social organization, its structure, functions, social patterns and processes.
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In a way, rural sociology is concerned with the study of all the aspects of social life of the people living in the village.
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Rural sociology is more practical than sociology because it is related to the practical life of rural communities. In conclusion we M . Gillit, who writes that “rural sociology can be considered as that branch, which systematically studies rural communities to investigate their conditions and tendencies and to formulate theories of progress. Thus rural sociology is basically rural social life.” It is the study of patterns, processes and behaviours.
Origin and Development of Rural Sociology
The story of rural society is the story of human civilization. Many ancient scholars have also studied rural societies, but they cannot be placed under the purview of any specific science under the influence of scientific basis. In the first part of the work ‘A Systematic Source Book in Rural Sociology’ edited by Pitam Sorokin, Zimmerman and Galpin, the study of rural societies done by various scholars has been presented, but these studies are called rural sociology. cannot be named. ,
The development of rural sociology as a separate discipline is considered since the nineteenth century. Formally, rural sociology was established only as a branch of sociology. As a result of this, the attention of various sociologists began to be drawn towards rural communities and various aspects of rural communities were studied on a large scale. Olfusen, Maurer, Maine, Elton, Stemann, Laveleye, Baden Powell, Pollock, Maitland and Lewinski Prominent scholars etc. did a comprehensive study of rural life.
Rural sociology first originated in the United States of America as a systematic science. From 1876, the study of rural sociology started in American universities. In fact, the period from 1890 to 1920 was a time of crisis for the rural society of America. This entire period is known as the ‘Age of Exploitation’. At this time, many problems had arisen in American rural society, from which it was necessary to get rid of. The price of land had increased to the extreme, technological civilization had become painful, the ownership of the peasants was being lost and the influence of religion and church etc. The process of urbanization was getting stronger. Sims wrote in ‘Elements of Rural Sociology’ that “the whole period was a period of decline of rural societies.”
Inspired by these circumstances, the attention of many social scientists began to be attracted towards these rural problems and a comprehensive study of rural society and its problems was started in Chicago, Michigan, Ecota, Colombia and many other universities. These efforts of these sociologists became the foundation stone for the development of rural sociology. Doctor . a . burden . Desai writes that “this whole effort did create a conducive environment for the development of rural society, but this effort could not give rural sociology the form of a science.”
The real origin of rural sociology dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1908, the then President of America, Roosevelt appointed a Rural Life Commission under the chairmanship of Dean Bailey. This commission did field research work to study the various problems of rural life. Tea . Lynn Smith, expressing his opinion on the importance of this biog report, wrote that “the publication of the report of the ‘Control Life Commission’ in the early twentieth century has given great impetus to the new discipline of rural sociology. Comment on the importance of this report. While doing so, Dr. Desai writes that “in fact the facts provided by this report can be called a Charter for Rural Sociology”. “3 Between 1906 and 1912, Columbia University published many important research articles. J. M. Williams (J. M. Williams) wrote ‘An American Town’, W.
- Wilson ( W. H. Wilson ) ‘ Quaker Hill ‘ , n. Ale . Sims published very important works like ‘A Hozier Village’ which were based on the Field Interview Technique. Charles J. Galpin (Charles J. Galpin) presented a book titled ‘The Social Anatomy of an Agricultural Community’ which proved to be a very important book for the future development of rural sociology. John M. Gileti prepared a book called ‘Rural Sociology’, through which rural sociology got a reputation as a branch of sociology. , Probably due to this, a separate department for rural sociology was first established in America in 1917. After the First World War i.e. in 1919, the branches of ‘Neuro of Agricultural Economics’ and ‘Farm Life Studies’ were formed under the Department of Agriculture of America and Dr. Charles J. Galpin was made its chairman. Later the name of this department was changed to ‘Farm Population and Rural Life’. Even today this department is known by the same name.
In 1925, the US government passed the Purnell Act, which provided financial assistance to state governments for rural revival. The importance of this subject increased greatly with the publication of the book ‘A Systematic Source Book in Rural Sociology’ in 1930. Inspired by this, in 1935 a quarterly magazine named ‘Rural Sociology’ started publication. Many articles on rural life published in this magazine became the support of rural sociology later on. In 1937, an organization called ‘Rural Sociological Society’ was formed in America. After the Second World War, special importance was given to rural reconstruction not only in America but also in other countries of the world to remove poverty and hunger. The United Nations Organization (UNO) has published many beautiful texts in this regard, which were studied by Greece, Italy, Japan, South America and many other countries. Many scholars like Nelson, Boonet, Lumis, Beagle, Bertrand etc. presented their works in this area. Currently Sorokin, Zimmersen, Galpin,
Scholars like Taylor, Kolb, Benner, Sims, Sanurson, Lendis, Redcold, Smith are enriching rural sociology. a . R . Desai has written, “Now rural sociology has started to take root which is slowly but steadily spreading in different parts of the world.”
Subject – Matter of Rural Sociology
After the great development of rural sociology in all the countries, this question has become very important that what should be the field of study of rural sociology? That is, what are those subjects, with which the study of rural sociology should relate itself. There is a difference of opinion among sociologists regarding the area and subject area of rural sociology. Scholars have different perspectives about its subject area on many questions, such as
, Rural sociology should be accepted as a branch of sociology or it should be given the status of a separate science.
, Rural sociology should confine its study scope to rural studies or it should extend to the comparative study of rural and urban life, their mutual relations and effects on each other and such other studies.
, Rural sociology should maintain the status of a pure science or it may also attain the status of an applied science. Rural sociology as a pure science should formulate rules and principles about rural life or study rural economic, social, cultural aspects as a practical science and give suggestive guidance about them and contribute to rural reconstruction.
, In rural sociology, only a related picture of rural society should be presented by being objective, or contribution should be made in the form of a ‘thinking plant’ to reconstruct rural life. These are some of the questions on which there has been a difference of opinion among rural sociologists for a long time. In fact, such differences are not surprising for any new science, but similar and many other differences are also available regarding the nature of sociology itself.
But in spite of this, there are many such questions on which all sociologists are of the same opinion. Almost all sociologists have a unanimous opinion on the following questions
- All sociologists agree that the basic objective of rural sociology is to make a scientific, systematic and comprehensive study of the rural social system, its structure and functions and the trends of its development. On the basis of these studies, rural sociology should formulate rules and principles about rural social life.
2 . All sociologists also agree that both rural and urban are two important aspects of social life. These two sides also interact with each other, they also influence each other, and yet there is a difference in the fundamental life of these two.
- All sociologists agree on this point
I accept that the characteristics of rural social life and urban social life are different, so both these social life should also be studied separately.
We will mention here in detail the ‘Field of Study of Rural Sociology’ presented by some sociologists.
Tea . Ale . Smith in his work ‘The Sociology of Rural Life’ has explained the study area of rural sociology by dividing it into three parts, they are
(1) Population – that is, rural sociology is defined as rural population and its distribution, growth, structure, density, physical and mental characteristics. Population settlement etc. should be studied.
(2) Rural Social Organization – Smith explains by dividing rural social organization into three parts.
(A) Institutional Relation of Merd asibunesis to the Land
(B) Social Morphology
(C) Major Social Institutions.
(3) Social Processes – Various organizational and disruptive social processes are placed within it, such as cooperation, management, assimilation, conflict, competition etc. In addition to the above subjects, T. Ale . Smith also includes the study of social change, social mobility and social problems in the scope of rural sociology.
In his work ‘Social Structure in Rural Sociology’ by Stuart Chapin, T. Ale . The three points included by Smith, namely population, rural social organization and social processes have been included in the study area of rural sociology. (Amian J. B. Chitambar has also written in support of the above classification, “Rural sociology should study only rural humans and their allied groups, not animals and birds or crops and agricultural implements.”
Laurie Nelson’s classification is more important in this direction. Laurie Nelson in her article (Rural Sociology – Dimensions and Horizons) has mentioned the field of study of rural sociology. Propagation has clarified this study area by dividing it into three-dimensional or three classes. ,
- Study of the relations of rural sentiment – In Nelson’s opinion, the first aspect of the study of rural sociology is the study of the relations of rural human beings. The composition and functions of different types of groups created by rural man are studied.
2 . Comprehensive study related to Time Perspective – This aspect is related to the ‘comprehensiveness’ of this subject. This science not only describes and analyzes the community on the surface, but it also has to take full care of time and distance. In fact, every community develops through an evolutionary sequence. The present-day rural society is the result of cultural changes taking place over a long period of time. In such a situation, its study should not be confined to a particular period but should be related to the rural characteristics found in different periods.
- Depth of Study – The third aspect of the study of rural sociology is the depth of study. Nelson says that in rural sociology all those subjects should be studied which affect the rural communities and the rider of the individuals within them. In this way we get various manifestations, malays, marwakankshamos in rural communities. All the aspects related to sympathy, competition or inequality should be studied thoroughly.
Doctor . a . Pre. Desai has clarified the field of study of rural sociology in a broader perspective, indirectly supporting Nelson’s views. According to you, the study area of Samiya Sociology includes the study of rural social organization, social structure, trends of development and laws of development etc. , ,
Ale . Tea . Smith , Strutt Pin , Laurie Nelson and Dr. a . Par, Desai etc. have presented different ideas about the village. The views of these sociologists determine the general direction about rural sociology. In order to clarify the dissemination of this subject, it is necessary that we can include the following subjects in the study area of rural sociology from the synergy of the views of all these scholars.
Study of Rural Community – Rural society studies almost all aspects of rural community. The study of the characteristics, characteristics, forms, characteristics, etc. of the rural community is the study area of the rural community.
Study of Rural Social Structure (Study of Rural Socias The study area of rural sociology includes all those units which constitute rural social structure. Rural life is based on certain traditions, values, customs, institutions and Russians etc. All these are the basic units or factors which constitute the rural social structure.
, Study of Rural Social Organization There are many types of social organizations in the rural social system. The study of the determinants, differences and functions of all these organizations in rural sociology.
is done . Under this, various organizations found in the villages like marriage, family, caste, occupation, class-system, religion, health, administrative organization, educational organization etc. are found.
, Study of Rural Social Groups Man lives in groups by nature. For the fulfillment of his objectives, he forms different types of groups. The study of many types of groups, such as sports groups, entertainment groups, cultural, religious, primary, political, etc., which are found in rural society, is also the material of the study of rural sociology.
Study of Rural Social Processes – Various organizational and disruptive social processes found in rural environment are studied in rural sociology, such as cooperation, assimilation, adjustment, integration, conflict, competition etc.
Study of Rural Social Problems In fact, the origin of rural sociology was the result of the study of rural social problems. happened . Therefore, an important aspect of the field of study of rural sociology is the study of rural social problems. From this perspective, the study of the causes and consequences of all the social, cultural problems prevailing in the rural environment and the future problems is the subject matter of the study of rural sociology. Indebtedness, poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, disease, low standard of living etc. are the major outgoing rural problems. Sips’ says, ‘The problems or many problems arising out of living in villages are considered as the subject matter of rural sociology. ,
, Study of Rural Population – Rural Sociology also studies the demographic characteristics of population living in rural environment like distribution, density, settlement, birth and death rate, age, sex, occupation, religion etc. In this, the supply of food grains in comparison to the population, the pressure of population on the land and the local mobility related to the rural population etc. is also studied.
, Study of Rural Social Change Although rural social life is considered an indicator of stability, yet at present the rural community is in the process of change. Some of these changes are natural and some are planned. rural | Both these types of changes in society, their causes, effects and limitations are studied.
, Study of Rural Social Institutions The study of rural social institutions is the main subject of the study of rural sociology. Social institutions are socially accepted methods of achieving collective objectives. Under this, the nature, types and functions of rural customs, people’s customs, customs, customs, laws, rules etc. are studied.
Study of Rural Economic Institutions – Although rural sociology does not study official institutions, this work is of economics, but in its broadest form, the impact of farmer-relations, agriculture and other occupations on rural life. etc. is studied in it.
Study of Rural Political Institutions – Like official institutions, rural sociology also studies political institutions in its broadest form. In this, political institutions like rural leadership, village panchayats, party, factionalism etc. are studied. .
, Study of Rural – Urban Relation ships – The study of rural and urban relations is also the material of study of rural sociology. Both rural and urban are models of different social life, but still they are influenced by each other and also influence each other. Therefore, rural sociology does a comparative study of the relationship between these two types of community life.
Zimmerman wrote, “The field of rural sociology, as one may take for its centralized notion, is the effect of urbanization and ruralization on population and mechanicalism.” Sims also wrote. “Rural sociology cannot foresee interactions between rural and urban culture.”
, Study of Rural Reconstruction – At present most of the rural sociologists are in favor that the field of study of rural sociology should not be limited to the theoretical study of rural life, but it should include various programs related to rural reconstruction. Useful suggestions should also be presented after evaluation.
Doctor . a . across. Desai has written that “Rural sociology will help the rural workers in the correct analysis of rural problems and will enable them to take the right remedies or make programs to eliminate the problems ahead.” Dum type is clear that the study of rural sociology in the present time – The area has become widespread, and it has included the study of almost all aspects of rural social life in its study material.
or is.
It is also necessary that this new science expands its field of study with its research and scientific studies and contributes in presenting new dimensions of knowledge, only then this subject can be used in more quantity from the theoretical and practical point of view. . We can clearly explain the study area of rural sociology by the following picture here, rural communities, rural political institutions, rural communities. Structure – + Rural Sa. Processes Rural. Organization Rural Group Rural Sociology – Rural Sa. Problems of + Rural Population Study – Area Pa – Rural Social Change of Rural Area. Institutions Rural Economic Institutions – Rural – Urban Relations