work and technology
One of the manufacturers doing mass customization is Dell Computer. Consumers who want to buy a computer from the manufacturer must go online, the company does not maintain retail stores, and navigate to Dell’s website. Customers can choose the exact mix of features they want. Once an order is placed, a computer is custom built according to specification and then typically shipped within days. In fact, Dell has turned traditional ways of doing business upside down. Companies used to make a product first, then worry about selling it; Now, with mass customizers like Dell selling first and building second, such a change has significant consequences for the industry. A major cost for manufacturers to keep a stock of parts on hand has been dramatically reduced. In addition, an increasing share of production is outsourced. Thus, the rapid transfer of information between manufacturers and suppliers by Internet technology is also essential for the successful implementation of mass customization.
One of the most characteristic features of the economic system of modern societies is the highly complex division of labor. Work has become fragmented into a vast number of different occupations in which people specialize. In traditional societies, non-agricultural pursuits required craftsmanship. Craftsmanship was learned through a long period of apprenticeship, and workers normally
Covered all aspects of the production process from start to finish. For example, a plow metalsmith forges iron, shapes it, and assembles the tools himself. With the rise of modern industrial production, most traditional crafts have disappeared entirely, replaced by those skills. which become part of mass production processes. Jockey, whose life story we discussed at the beginning of this chapter, is one example. He spent his entire career on a very specific job; Other people in the factory handled other specialized tasks.
organization of work
Modern society has also seen changes in the place of work. Before industrialization, most of the work was done at home and was done collectively by all the members of the household. Advances in industrial technology, such as electricity and coal-fired machinery, contributed to the separation of work and home. Factories owned by entrepreneurs become the focal points of industrial development. Machinery and equipment were concentrated within them and mass production of goods began to eclipse small-scale artisanship based in the home. In factories like jockeys people seeking jobs would be trained to do a particular job and would get paid for their work. The performance of the employees was ignored by the managers, who implemented techniques to increase the productivity and discipline of the workers.
were related to questioning.
The difference in the division of labor between traditional and modern societies is truly extraordinary. Even in the largest traditional societies, typically no more than twenty or thirty major craft trades existed, with specialized roles such as merchant, soldier, and priest. There are literally thousands of different businesses in a modern industrial system. The UK Census lists approximately 20,000 different jobs in the British economy. In traditional communities, the majority of the population worked on farms and were economically self-sufficient. They produced their own food, clothing and other necessaries of life. In contrast, one of the main characteristics of modern societies is the vast extent of economic interdependence. We all depend on a vast number of other workers. For the products and services that sustain our lives today are spread throughout the world, with few exceptions, most people in modern society do not produce the food they eat, the homes they live in, or the material goods. consume.
Taylorism and Fordism
Writing some two centuries ago, Adam Smith, one of the founders of modern economics, identified the benefits that the division of labor provides in terms of increasing productivity. His most famous work, The Wealth of Nations (1776), begins with a description of the division of labor in a pin factory. A single person working alone could probably make 20 pins a day. However, by breaking the worker’s task into several simple tasks, ten workers performing a specialized task in cooperation with each other could collectively produce 48,000 pins per day. The rate of output per worker, in other words, has been increased by 20
With up to 4,800 pins, each expert operator produces 240 times more than working alone.
More than a century later, these ideas reached their most developed expression in the writings of Frederick Winslow Taylor (1865–1915). An American management consultant Taylor’s approach to what he called ‘scientific management’ involved the detailed study of industrial processes in order to break them down into simple operations that could be precisely timed and organized. Taylorism, as Scientific Management came to be called, was not just an academic study. It was a system of production designed to maximize industrial output, and it had a huge impact not only on the organization of industrial production and technology, but also on the politics of the workplace. In particular, Taylor’s time and motion studies took away control over knowledge of the production process from workers and placed such knowledge firmly in the hands of management, giving craft workers autonomy from their employers (Braverman 1974). Kept As such, Taylorism is widely associated with the deskilling and degradation of labor.
The principles of Taylorism were appropriated by the industrialist Henry Ford (1863–1947). Ford opened its first auto plant in Highland Park, Michigan in 1908 designed to manufacture only one product, the Model T Ford—which included the introduction of specialized tools and machinery designed for speed, accuracy, and ease of operation, which One of Ford’s most important innovations was the The assembly line is said to have been inspired by Chicago slaughterhouses, in which animals were dismembered section by section on a moving line. Each worker on Ford’s assembly line was assigned a specific task, such as fitting the left-hand door handle as the car moved along the body line.
By 1929, when the Model T ceased production, over 15 million cars had been produced.
Ford was among the first to realize that mass production required large markets. He argued that if standardized goods such as automobiles were to be produced on an even greater scale, the presence of consumers who were able to purchase those goods must also be ensured. In 1914, Ford took the unprecedented step of one-way wage increases to 5 for eight hours at its Dearborn, Michigan plant, a very generous wage at the time and one that ensured a working-class lifestyle in which such an automobile This included being the owner of As Harvey comments, ‘the purpose of the five-dollar, eight-hour day was only in part to secure worker compliance with the discipline required to operate a highly productive assembly line system. incidentally it was meant to provide workers with sufficient income to consume the mass-produced products that corporations were about to
to excrete ever greater [Harvey 1989]. Ford also enlisted the services of a small army of social workers to educate them in proper consumption habits.
Fordism is the name given to designate the system of mass production associated with the cultivation of the mass market. In some materials, the term has a more specific meaning, referring to a historical period in the development of capitalism after World War II, in which large-scale production was associated with stability in labor relations and a high degree of unionization. Under Fordism, firms made long-term commitments to workers, and wages were highly linked to productivity growth. collective bargaining agreement
As a result, formal agreements were reached between firms and unions that specified working conditions such as wages, seniority rights, benefits, and thus set off a virtuous cycle that ensured workers’ consent to automated work arrangements and There was a substantial demand for mass-produced goods. The system is generally understood to have broken down in the 1970s, allowing greater flexibility and insecurity in working conditions.
Limitations of Taylorism and Fordism:
The reasons for the demise of Fordism are complex and hotly debated. As firms in a wide variety of industries adopted Fordist production methods, the system faced certain limitations. At one time, it seemed that Fordism represented the possible future of industrial production as a whole. But this has not proven to be the case. The system can only be successfully implemented in industries, such as car manufacturing, that produce standardized products for mass markets. Mechanized production lines are very expensive to set up, and once the Fordist system is in place, it is quite rigid; Replacing a product, for example, requires substantial reinvestment. Imitating Fordist production is easy if enough money is available to set up a plant. But in countries where labor force is expensive, it becomes difficult for firms to compete with firms where wages are cheaper. This was originally one of the factors leading to the rise of the Japanese car industry [although today Japanese wage levels are no longer low] and later that of South Korea.
The difficulties with Fordism and Taylorism go beyond the need for expensive equipment; However, Fordism and Taylorism are what some industrial sociologists call low-trust systems. Jobs are set by the management and prepared for the machines. Those who work are closely monitored and given little autonomy of action. In order to maintain discipline and high quality production standards, employees are monitored through separate monitoring systems.
This constant supervision, however, produces the opposite of its intended result: workers’ commitment and morale often wane because they have little say in the nature of their jobs or because of low-trust in which they are performed. In workplaces with many low-trust positions, levels of worker dissatisfaction and absenteeism are high, and industrial conflict is common.
A high-trust system, in contrast, is one in which workers are allowed to control the pace, and even the content, of their work within overall guidelines. Such systems are usually concentrated at higher levels of industrial organization. As we shall see, high-trust systems have become more common in many workplaces in recent decades, changing the way we think about organization and job performance.
Changing nature of work and work:
The globalization of economic production, along with the spread of information technology, is changing the nature of the jobs most people do. As discussed in Chapter 9, the proportion of people working in blue-collar jobs has declined progressively in industrialized countries. Fewer people work in factories than before. New jobs have been created in offices and service centres, such as supermarkets and airports. Many of these new jobs are filled by w
Professional Isolation:
Women workers have traditionally been concentrated in low-paid, routine occupations. Many of these jobs are highly gendered – that is, they are generally seen as ‘women’s work’. Secretarial and care work (such as nursing, social work and child care) are heavily conducted by women and are generally regarded as ‘feminine’ occupations. Occupational gender segregation refers to the fact that men and women are concentrated in different types of jobs based on prevailing understandings of appropriate ‘male’ and ‘female’ work.
Professional separation is observed for processing vertical and horizontal components. Vertical segregation refers to the tendency for women to be concentrated in jobs with less authority and room for advancement, while men occupy more powerful and influential positions. Horizontal segregation refers to the tendency of men and women to occupy different categories of jobs. For example, women largely dominate domestic and regular clerical positions, while men are placed in semi-skilled and skilled manual positions. Horizontal separation can be pronounced. In 1991 more than 50 percent of women’s employment in the UK (compared to 17 percent of men) fell into four occupational categories:
clerical, secretarial, personal services and ‘other primary’ (Crompton 1997). In 1998, 26 percent of women were in regular white-collar work, compared with only 8 percent of men, while 17 percent of men were in skilled manual work, compared with only 2 percent of women (HMSO 1999).
Changes in the organization of employment as well as gender-role stereotyping have contributed to occupational segregation. Changes in the prestige and job functions of ‘clerks’ provide a good example. in Britain in the 1850s
99 percent of the clerks were men. To be a clerk was often a responsible position, involving knowledge of accountancy skills and sometimes taking care of managerial responsibilities. Even the smallest clerk had a certain status in the outside world. The twentieth century has seen a general mechanization of office work (with the introduction of the typewriter in the late nineteenth century), accompanied by a marked upgrading of the skills and status of the ‘clerk’ as well as another related occupation, the ‘secretary’. – in a law – position, low-paid occupation. Women come to fill these occupations because the pay and prestige associated with them have declined. In 1998 around 90 per cent of clerical workers and 98 per cent of secretaries in the UK were women. However, the proportion of people working as secretaries has fallen over the past two decades. Computers have replaced typewriters, and many managers now do most of their letter-writing and other work directly on the computer.
Post – Fordism:
In recent decades, flexible practices have been introduced in many areas, including product development, production technology, management style, work environment, employee involvement and marketing, group production, problem solving teams, multi-tasking, and niche marketing. About the strategies adopted by the companies trying to reorganize themselves in the changing circumstances. Some commentators have suggested that, taken collectively, these changes represent a radical departure from the principles of Fordism; He argues that we are now living in a period that can best be understood as Post-Fordism. The phrase was popularized by Michael Piore and Charles Sabel in The Second Industrial Divide (1984), and describes a new era of capitalist economic production characterized by flexibility and innovation to meet market demands for diverse, customized products. is maximized.
The idea of post-Fordism is somewhat problematic; However, the term is used to refer to a set of overlapping changes that are taking place not only in the areas of work and economic life, but
In the whole society as a whole. Some authors argue that post-Fordism tendencies can be seen in areas as diverse as partisan politics, welfare programs, and consumer and lifestyle choices. While observers of contemporary society often point to many of the same changes, there is no consensus about the precise meaning of post Fordism or, indeed, if it is the best way to understand the phenomenon we are witnessing. .
Despite the confusion surrounding the term, several distinctive trends within the world of work have emerged in recent decades that represent a clear departure from earlier Fordist practices. These include the decentralization of work into non-hierarchical word groups, the idea of flexible production and mass customization, the spread of global production, and the introduction of more flexible business structures. We will first consider examples of the first three of these trends, post —before looking at similar criticisms of the Fordist thesis. This will be followed by a focus on flexible work patterns
Group Production:
Collaborative work groups are sometimes used in conjunction with automation as a way to reorganize work in place of the assembly line. The underlying idea is to increase worker motivation by allowing groups of workers to collaborate on term production processes, rather than requiring each worker to perform the same repetitive task, such as screwing in a car door handle, all day.
An example of group production is the quality circle (QCS), a group of between five and twenty workers who meet regularly to study and solve production problems. QCS-related personnel receive additional training, allowing them to contribute technical knowledge to the discussion of production issues. QCS was introduced in the United States, taken up by several Japanese companies, and then popularized again in Western economies in the 1980s. They represent a break from the notions of Taylorism, as they reconstitute that workers have the expertise to contribute to the definition and methodology of the work they do.
Positive effects of group production on workers may include the acquisition of new skills, increased autonomy, decreased managerial supervision, and increased pride in the goods and services they produce. However, studies have identified several negative consequences of team production. Although direct managerial authority is less clear in a term process, other forms of supervision exist, such as supervision by another team.
worker. American sociologist Laurie Graham went to work on the assembly line at the Japanese-owned Subaru-Isuzu car plant in India. in the United States, and found that there was constant pressure from other workers to achieve greater productivity.
A colleague told her that after initially being enthusiastic about the team concept, she found that peer supervision was a new tool of management that was begging people to work ’til death’. Graham (1995) also
Oriya that Subaru-Isuzu used the group production concept as a means of opposing trade unions, arguing that if management and workers were on the same ‘team’ then there should be no conflict between the two. In other words, at the Subaru-Isuzu plant in which Graham worked, demands for higher pay or less responsibilities were seen as a lack of employee cooperation. Studies such as Graham’s have led sociologists to conclude that team-based production processes provide workers with opportunities for less monotonous work practices and that power and control remain the same in the workplace.
Flexible production and mass customization
One of the most significant changes in production processes around the world over the past few years has been the introduction of computer aided design and flexible manufacturing. Whereas Taylorism and Fordism were successful in mass producing mass-market products (which were all the same). They were unable to produce small orders of goods, let alone mode the goods specifically for an individual customer. The limited ability of Taylorist and Fordist systems to customize their products is reflected in Henry Ford’s famous quip about the first mass-produced car: People can have a Model T in any color as long as it is be black Computer-based design, combined with other types of computer-based technology, has changed this situation in a radical way. Stanley Davis talks about the emergence of ‘mass customizing’. New technologies allow mass production of items designed for particular customers. Five thousand shirts can be produced daily on the assembly line. It is now possible to customize every single shirt just as quickly, and at no more cost, than to produce five thousand identical shirts (Davis 1988).
While flexible production has generated benefits for consumers and the economy as a whole, the impact on workers has not been entirely positive. Through workers learning new skills and having less monotonous jobs, flexible production can create an entirely new set of pressures that arise from the need to carefully and co-ordinate a complex production process.
Generate results quickly. Laurie Graham’s study of the Subaru-Isuzu factory documented instances when workers had to wait until the last minute for critical parts in the production process. As a result, employees were forced to work longer hours and more intensively to maintain production schedules without additional compensation.
Technology such as the Internet can be used to solicit information about individual consumers and then manufacture products to their exact specifications. Ardent supporters argue that mass customization offers nothing like a new industrial revolution, a significant development in the last century. However, skeptics have been quick to point out that as currently practiced, mass customization only creates the illusion of choice in reality.
Additionally, the choices available to the Internet customer do not exceed those provided by typical mail order catalogs (Collins 2000).
Chapter 6
labour market
Recruitment for each type of job depended partly on skill and luck, but largely on contacts, especially of relatives or family networks from the same village or region, which in turn led to the same caste or community. are related by caste boundary, if they are not relatives. Groups of people of similar social origin are found in a firm, sometimes in a trade or industry.
In big cities where industries have developed rapidly, employers and workers are found to be educated. Skilled people from other regions and speaking other languages find it necessary to hire people for skilled workforce. The division between the labor market for factories and workshops is often not the result of local historical accidents, such as any systematic discrimination in favor of the wealthy, educated and highly educated.
Center. The biggest hurdle is not among the regular worker
Rapid increases in industrial productivity have been essential elements of development and structural change and in economies. To achieve this rapid increase in industrial productivity in India, the nation has depended on planning, small scale industries and large scale industrial development. Our plans consider labor productivity as well as capital productivity.
We have seen how the British systematically destroyed the industrial base of India. As a result, India’s industrial base was weak at the time of independence. The government called an industrial conference in December 1947 to consider ways and means of fully utilizing the existing capacity and setting up new industries.
growing need of the people. The conference was attended by representatives of the central and provincial governments, industrialists and workers. To ensure better relations between the management and the workers, a tripartite agreement was made, providing for a three-year industrial trice between the management and the workers. In order to help in industrial development, the government has
In 8-49 some tax concessions were provided to the industry and a bill was passed to set up industrial policy proposals.
Small scale industries have an important place in the industrial system of our country. After independence, small scale industries emerged in the country. In the earlier pre-industrial era there were artisans and craftsmen who used their inherited skills to make traditional products. Several minor engineering units were established during the war years. Small scale industries have developed in response to promotional work carried out since the 1950s, as part of a strategy by government-sponsored planning agencies. The small scale sector has grown rapidly in recent years in terms of increase in the number of units, their contribution to industrial production, employment opportunities generated by them and their large share in the country’s experts. Small-scale industries are mainly located in urban centers as separate establishments, where industries produce goods with partially or fully mechanized equipment that employ outside labor.
Earlier studies of industrial labor emphasized the eventful consequences of introducing new technologies, which affected a stable traditional society and institutions such as the canto, the village, and the joint family. It was believed that the centers existed almost unchanged until they faced the shock of industrialism, rural migration and the growth of new industrial and commercial cities such as Mumbai, Calcutta and Chennai. which were very different from the old cities which were the center
of Indian civilization. The impact of new technologies would not be isolated from the colonial rule, new systems of law, administration and education, and the dominant position of the British community in India. Some writers justified the colonial rule and praised its achievements and some strongly criticized it. The inevitable impact of a dynamic West on a stagnant society became apparent not only to foreign writers but to many Indians.
Brief History of Industrial Labor in India
writings on the history of Indian industrial labour, besides many cases on the process of westernisation, or
Now more commonly called modernization, it also includes a mass of useful descriptive material on industrial labor recruitment, migration and living conditions, etc. The great transition was a phase from a partially complete to all ideal type of society, from a pre-industrial to a modern urban one. Industrial society, the writers who speculated about industrialization, emphasized its various aspects, they were looking for a formula for successful industrialization, ingredients missing from a traditional society, which the industrial country had to rely on entrepreneurship, efficient management. To make India, change in social values, achievement orientation or committed labor force should be added. This happened when non-industrialized countries lagged behind, at various points on the path of development marked by developed countries.
Divergence of interests of employees and employees can be appealed if we consider the objectives for which employees and employers come together in an organisation. The objective of the employer is to invest the capital profitably, to run the organization most economically and productively by ensuring that the policies and regulations made by it are enshrined. The worker however has to earn livelihood for himself and his family to meet his physical needs like food, clothing and shelter. He also seeks satisfaction of his social needs like companionship, self-esteem etc. These psychological needs like self development, self experience, self aspect also have to be fulfilled at work. The employer and the employee have certain objectives that have hardly anything in common. In fact most of them run opposite to each other. The need for higher wages by employees to improve their standard of living runs in conflict with the objective of keeping employee costs down and maximizing profits.
Structure of the Labor Market:
1) India has traditionally been an organized agrarian society. Characterized by a complete division of labor and the employment of a wide range of skills, many of which were transferable to the new industrial pattern where modern institutions began to intrude. In India in the 19th century, they did not take root mainly in a completely new environment. Elements of literacy were highly present for a modern bureaucracy, a sophisticated system of banking and commerce was in operation. And there was a substantial tradition of workmanship. As new industries gradually grew in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they found that the land was partially prepared.
The emergence of cotton mills in Bombay and steel mills in Jamshedpur depended largely on the labor pool drawn from Surat’s traditional shipbuilding industry. By the end of the 19th century traditional ironworking skills had a lot
This modern skill from the railways found its way into the railway workshop and was eventually adapted into private industry in Jamshedpur. In earlier days factories had less trouble finding both skilled and unskilled labor, as they were found almost everywhere in supply, they were either trained in traditional crafts, or some of them were literate adaptable workers. Who sooner or later can acquire the necessary skills. But the workforce of those early industries was unskilled and mainly illiterate. Sometimes
Sometimes people used to travel long distances in search of work. Employers’ complaints of shortage of manpower, and instability in disciplined work and frequent return forces to villages, which is not justified by the needs and figures. When there was a high labor turnover, as in the cotton mills of Bombay, this level was a result of management and working conditions. The workers moved for better pay and maintained their village ties as their only security.
Indeed, the ground was prepared for the development of modern industries, but enthusiasm was dampened by the disastrous first effects of colonialism, which hit India at a time when the imperial power itself was industrializing. Modern industries came to India as a result of colonial rule and not intentionally. Rural industries included the work of artisans, native weavers who made cotton cloth, potters and goldsmiths. The same craftsmen working for the minor market, but better organized, lived in towns. Urban artisans, like blacksmiths of brass and copper, could make artistic
As well as normal utensils. There was another group of workers mainly from local industries who lacked the specialized knowledge that was so necessary. In some heavy industries such as iron smelting, where the products find their way across the country, the method employed was generally crude and uneconomical. All the industries there were already languishing for various reasons, one of them being the pressure of imported goods.
Craftsmen and artisans decided to return to the land they could own or as tenants or landlord laborers. The craft industries were not gradually replaced by factories. It took about two or three generations for industries to develop in India. Then the urban workers of modern India did not come out of the category of artisans, but were landlord farmers or agricultural laborers. According to some authors such as Morris Oho, it is not clear whether large numbers of artisans were forced to become landowner laborers as part of the major shift from agriculture to industry in the 19th century. The character and social composition of the work force depend to a large extent on how the region’s industrial workers are recruited into the main industries. As in the earlier English factories their manpower was unskilled and drawn mainly from poor farmers and landless laborers in the countryside, but not with an overwhelming proportion from the lower centres. It was difficult to say how many of the early migrants to Mumbai were artisans
Especially rather than agricultural families. But R. Das Gupta (1976) has examined census and other material on the industrial work force in eastern India in the jute mills and engineering industries around Calcutta, which required skilled labour. The census of 1911 shows that ruined artisans, workers who failed to find adequate employment and subsistence in the rural economy, traders, ad farmers, artisans and laborers all unbalanced by the changes taking place in the agrarian economy, became destitute to work in the jute mills. Ad paupers were the highest among the workers.
There was considerable ‘industrial migration’ of weavers, iron workers, computers and others who were displaced from their traditional occupations. He learned new skills easily and soon became technically fit. A minority of traditional artisans went directly into the ranks of skilled and better paid workers. While men of unskilled labor were of very mixed social origin.
2) Rural migrants started working as jobbers. The jobber’s role was very important, and he was seen as a very important person in the chain of work in the factory because of the experience he had working in the factory. He was responsible to the Supervisor of Labor White. He had to keep the machines in working order and provide technical training to the workers. His role as a recruiter of labor earned him a good income in the form of bribes called ‘dasturi’. Dasturi was also paid to a hierarchy of employed people. During strike the jobber is very active, runs in search of workers. He was considered an indispensable person by both the employed and the labourers.
Job acted as a protector for the laborers as well as our oppressor according to the situations. He protected their rights and provided them with great security and at times he could prove to be an oppressor, either way he was before the employer as well as the worker. Many times he lends money to workers for interest and receives commission from various other sources. After 1930, the jobber’s role gradually diminished. According to Morris, the jobber played the role of middleman. Employers rejected the system because it was largely beneficial to the jobber himself; Those who made the most of the situation, because this was the maximum level to which an industrial worker could rise, had no chance of rising.
3) After independence when stronger unions and new laws emerged, a clear division could be seen within the labor force between those working on the payroll of registered factories and other individual workers employed on less favorable terms in smaller factories The terms were not favorable. who were
not registered. This was the time when the jobber’s role was being gradually phased out.
till now contract labor
had emerged as a different type. When workers are scared, often a contractor is hired. The contractor paid the workers, or sometimes the management paid them and debited the contractor’s account. In some cases the contractor supplies only labour, which is paid for by the factory management. Some of the best organized industries in the country, such as cotton and jute factories, engineering workers, etc., are recruited on a large scale, which is not known even in other countries. So there almost like subordinate employees are seen working for the factories. what does one see in such situations
A factory has two types of workers during certain jobs, before the machinery earns very different wages. The ‘contract’ workers do this work without any privileges. While even without legal protection against dismissal, the ‘regular’ worker was separated from all other categories of contract, temporary or cloud workers.
If one were to study the evolution of the industrial workplace in India and the study on the living and working conditions of the labor force has become an important area of study, the situation is comparatively no worse in any industrial city in the world. As much as it is in Mumbai.
4) Labor market study about how many natives get jobs, how many friends or relatives to help in this venture to get jobs Mumbai provides a cross section of jobs with a mix of old industries and technologies does. In other cities that have developed in the last thirty years.
Mumbai being a city of migrants, waves of migration from various sectors to various industries were set up, things there leave their marks in the composition of the workforce after booms and busts. In recruiting workers, the management relies heavily on their relatives, thus making one’s entry difficult. Thus employment in factories becomes the right of particular families or social groups. The worker says that a key factor in finding a job is access to ‘contracts’ for relatives or friends with ‘influence’, this is a common agreement.
Scarcity and insecurity compel migrants to maintain their original ties to the village in order to maintain the village base and assets if they lose their jobs or earn little. To avoid the labor hassle and to get a better hold on their laborers, the employees used the simplest and safest recruitment methods to recruit the workers through their current workers. He always keeps a list of his laborers, along with the names of the people who brought them. In firms large and small, most employees who come with recommendations are relatives or friends of the current
staff. The chance to bring in relatives is a significant benefit of regular employment. In large firms this is often formalized in written agreements with the union, which are determined.
The practice of taking on relatives and friends of employees as replacements or new workers has given rise to groups of people from a particular center or village or language, the group often having the same occupation in the same industry.
5) The female workforce in industry goes to semi-skilled work or casual labour. As women are as neat and delicate in their work wherever there is careful handling of equipment, they are needed and preferred more as they can tolerate the monotony of the production line. Women are not only fighting for their rights with men, but they are also found competing for jobs with equal pay as men. Nowadays most of the clerical work is done by women. It seems that employers recognize that women are best suited for the most boring assembly jobs.
Some factories are hesitant to employ women because the Factories Act states that if there are more than 30 married women, arrangements have to be made for crèches, separate toilets, dressing rooms, etc. Meet by automatic machinery. Between 1961 and 1971, the employment of unskilled women in Mumbai’s mills was about 40%. Whereas mainly educated women like teaching, public administration, medicine and nursing, commerce and banking, pharmaceuticals (as packers) and postal and communication (telephone operators) etc. Women are mostly engaged in home-based work (sewing and making buttons, electronic assembly, incense sticks etc.). Most of the poor class working women are represented in units with very low wages and poor working conditions. Most women workers live in households where the main breadwinner is a man, although women work in different departments or occupations, the network through which they get employed is an extension of the men’s network.
Factors Affecting the Labor Market in India
India was a country of many castes and religions. The life of its people revolved around the caste system. But today things have changed. Cast system is losing its importance due to modernization and industry. Today you can find a daily wage laborer even a low caste Harijan. Harijans are involved in almost all kinds of work, mainly in the education system and government employment opportunities.
Due to financial discrimination which has helped a new confident Harijan middle class.
Industrialization has brought many changes in social and economic aspects. Industrialization has given rise to urbanization. It has influenced our lifestyle, relationships, food habits and dress. In the olden days, we had a joint family system, but due to industrialization and urbanization, this system is slowly disappearing. people mo
Urban migration in search of work.
Before the disparity between the caste system, Brahmins were the upper caste while Shudras were the lower caste. But today due to industrialization there has been a difference in the class system. The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.
Industrialization has affected our society. It has brought permanent changes in our social structure, social institutions and social relations. Some of the social consequences of industrialization are as follows:-
1) Impact on the community: There is a close relationship between the industry and the communities or it has changed the existing relationship. Industries generally come where the raw material is advertising power. So when a new industry comes up, people tend to settle around the industry to provide their services. Hence people from all walks of life would come down and settle down giving birth to an urban community. It leads to mixed people of different ethnicity, social religious and racial background. who come together for a common cause of earning livelihood.
Industrialization has also reduced the intensity of caste preferences, as people of all castes come together and find employment in factories. So Brahmins and Shudras will work together. That’s why all castes come in contact with each other in factories, hotels, markets, trains and buses etc.
2) Effect of industrialization on family and kinship: The traditional joint family system is ending due to industrialization. The family was an important institution in traditional societies, with joint families forming the basic institution of a self-sustaining agricultural economy. The joint family was the center of the production and consumption unit. In a joint family, two or three generations of members have a relationship. Properly owned and jointly cultivated. Industrialization has completely changed the face of the family environment. Values like discipline, authority and respect for elders have changed for ideas like equality, freedom, equal rights, justice etc. Home has become a place of comfort and joy. High standard of living has become a characteristic of urban families. This has been happening in India.
The feeling of unity has weakened. Industrialization has increased material needs. People have become selfish and want more. People are not as satisfied as before. Youth are linked to rural and hence agricultural productivity is affected. Now a days, the youth are demanding equal rights in the family property, while he no longer contributes to the common pool. The traditional family can no longer keep the youth connected to their soil.
People are understanding the importance of nuclear family. Both the parents go out to work. New gadgets and advanced technology help the couple take care of their homes. Women are getting wiser and equal to their husbands, and can no longer tolerate their nonsense. And with the easy availability of divorce at their stand, family instability has become a problem in today’s time.
Industrialization has wreaked havoc and eroded the respect and status of elders. Children work independently and this has reduced the power of the head of the family. With the help of modern technology, children have been exposed to computer and TV. ‘s guide. Earlier the wife and children took care of the father’s emotional needs. It all seems counterintuitive now; It is the father who has to attend to the delicate emotional needs of the wife and children.
3) Change in caste system and social structure: In the olden days the caste system was very rigid with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom. There were restrictions regarding business, marriage and food and drink and social order. When people of different castes started migrating to the cities in search of new economic opportunities, it was not possible to maintain the ban. Due to industrialization the caste system started losing its hold. It became economically independent, leading to a steady decline in upper caste monopoly. Technological progress, industrialization, urbanization, commercialization were attempts by the Indian government to create a casteless society, increasing economic hardships, and the desire of the lower castes to lower their position in the caste hierarchy through “sanskritization” were some of the efforts that led to this. were responsible. Bringing change in the caste system.
“Lower caste people wanted to enter the higher class by learning Sanskrit and even wanted to marry into what was previously considered a separate and higher class.
Thus caste was always to some extent a code for economic class difference, and could be changed with changes in the reaction and power of groups that one might call class. Learning to differentiate between regional cultures and patterns of industrial development a
Second settlement and political movement
In particular cities, industrial workers, like other Indians, think of themselves as members of the centre, and usually marry their children within the boundaries of recognized castes or religious minorities such as Muslims and Catholics, who sometimes- Sometimes divided into caste-like groups.
In towns and cities caste is no longer a cohesive group, but a network of relationships with particular people to whom they have a claim, but who are also pulled in other directions by obligations and loyalties and interests that have little to do with castes. There is nothing to do with it. ,
4) Industry and Caste: It is a moral obligation to help your relatives in the job market who are bound to be of your caste. But nowadays in this competitive world a person with excellent qualification has more job opportunities even if he/she does not belong to your caste. It may be possible that someone may give you priority when looking for a job or a place to live because he or she trusts someone who grew up with the same values, or he or she feels that caste members should treat each other with respect. should help.
When caste falls between these two extremes, the society is divided into their blocks, a large block consisting of all middle castes and religious minorities, and two other noticeable smaller groups.
Means Brahmin at the top and Harijan at the bottom. Both the three groups suffer, Harijans in worst jobs but not Brahmins by any means.
politics of regionalism
Hindu customs and values, especially caste which is inseparable from Hinduism, prevented the emergence of ‘modern’ capitalism for innovation and new markets. Restrictions or contacts between castes in early times prevented merchants and artisans from coming together, and such an attitude prevented rapid adaptation to change and new demands of occupation.
The web of customs and rituals, as well as the firm belief in karma or reincarnation, which bound Hindus at every point in this life, created a ‘traditionalist’ attitude that largely came in the way of economic development. So as we all know that the traditional form the division of labor took in India was none other than caste. In a caste theory, which most people probably believed and many still do, each person is born with an aptitude for a type of work that is in his nature his dharma. Various types of functions, the lowest as well as the highest are all necessary for a social organism which is part of a universal organism.
There has been a close relationship between Indian trade unions and politics. Political parties and leaders have shown great interest in the formation of trade unions. Trade union politics has given rise to bitter rivalries between different work positions. They have the support and political patronage of political parties. Workers join a trade union because they realize that they are personally helpless. Unity and strength can be undermined if workers are divided into multiple unions based on diverse or conflicting ideologies. However, the involvement of trade unions in politics can turn workers towards issues related to their employment and working conditions. So it can be argued that politics can do more harm than good.
But in a civilized society it is difficult for any person to stay away from politics. The state affects every aspect of our lives. It passes laws to regulate behavior. So when trade unions have to protect the rights of workers they have to not only protect them against their employees but also try to influence the state to pass laws for protection. In this regard, the participation of trade unions in politics is not only desirable but necessary.
By 1991 India’s economic backlop was such that some bold measures were needed to change it. India cannot remain a mere spectator in the changing world. With a view to strengthen the economic base and its superstructure, there is a need to take radical reforms especially. In July 1991, the New Economic Policy and with it the New Industrial Policy were announced. At that time there was mixed reaction from different sections of the society. The effect is long lasting.
Factories and small workshops but in between and among people in casual labor (unorganized sector)
kendra. sabase badee baa