PROBLEMS, CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AND WELFARE SCHEMES FOR SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES]
Generally, scheduled castes are also called untouchable castes. Untouchability is that system of society, because of which one society cannot touch another society on the basis of tradition, if touched it becomes unholy on its own and has to make some kind of atonement to get rid of this impurity. Therefore, they are defined on the basis of untouchability. Scheduled Caste is generally taken to mean those castes mentioned in the Schedule to the Constitution for providing religious, social, economic and political facilities. They are also called untouchable castes, dalit classes, external castes and Harijans, etc. Scheduled castes are defined on the basis of castes that earn their livelihood through abusive occupations, but this is not a universally accepted basis for determining untouchability. Untouchability is primarily concerned with the notion of purity and impurity. In Hindu society some businesses or works have been considered holy and some are considered impure. Here the substances emanating from the body of man or animal and bird are considered impure. In such a situation, castes engaged in business related to these substances were considered impure and were called untouchables. Untouchability is a system of society under which individuals belonging to castes considered untouchable cannot touch the upper caste Hindus. – Untouchability implies’ that which is untouchable. ‘Untouchability is a belief according to which a person becomes impure by touching, seeing and shadowing another person. Separate arrangements were made for untouchable people to live, to save the upper caste Hindus from being polluted, many disabilities were imposed on them and many measures were taken to avoid their contact. Under the untouchables are those ethnic groups whose touch makes other people unholy and who have to perform some special rituals to become holy again. In this regard
Dr. K. N. Sharma wrote, “Untouchable castes are those whose touch makes a person impure and has to do certain acts to become holy. RN Saxena has written that if such people are considered untouchables In such a situation, if the Hindus had to be purified by touching, according to an example of Hattan, the Brahmins would also be considered untouchable as the Holia caste people in South India would not let the Brahmin go from the middle of their village and if recognized they would We purify the village.
Keeping in view the above difficulties, Hattan has mentioned some such disabilities on the basis of which attempts have been made to determine untouchable castes. You have considered those untouchables who are (a) ineligible to receive the service of high status Brahmins, (b) are unworthy to serve barbers, kahars and lakis serving the upper caste Hindus, (c) in Hindu temples Be ineligible to gain entry, (d) be ineligible to use public facilities (school, road and well), and (y) be disqualified from detached profession. Uniform treatment of untouchables is not found in the whole country, nor is there any equality in social status of untouchables in different parts of the country. Therefore, the above grounds given by Hattan are also not final.
Dr. D. N. Majumdar, “Untouchable castes are those who suffer from various social and political disabilities, out of which many disabilities are traditionally prescribed and socially enforced by the upper castes. “It is clear that there are many disabilities or problems related to untouchability which are mentioned further.
“Ram Gopal Singh states that” the attitude of untouchability is not related to caste but to traditional hatred and backwardness. ” N. In Majumdar’s words, “Untouchable castes are those who suffer from various social and political disabilities, most of whom are determined by tradition to be enforced by socially upper castes.
“According to Kailashnath Sharma” Untouchable castes are those whose touch causes a person to be impure and must perform certain acts to become holy. “Clearly, untouchability is related to the general disabilities of the lower castes of society, due to which these The castes are considered impure and have to be repaid by the higher and touchable castes when they are touched. However, after attaining independence, the spirit of untouchability has been banned by accepting untouchability as a social crime and ‘Untouchability – Prevention Act – 1955’ has been implemented in this regard.
Problems Or Disabilities Of Scheduled Castes
Religious Disabilities Temple – Restrictions on entry and use of holy places were considered unholy and many disabilities were imposed on them. These people were not given the right to enter the temple, use the holy rivers, go to holy places and worship the deities at their own homes. They were not allowed to study and listen to the Vedas or other religious texts. They were also not allowed to burn the bodies of their relatives at the public crematorium.
Religious Pleasures – Denial of Facilities – Untouchables were denied all kinds of religious facilities. Even upper caste Hindus were ordered to separate untouchables from their religious life. In Manusmriti, it is said that no opinion should be given to the untouchables, nor should they be given the remaining part of the food, nor should they receive the offerings of Devbhog, nor should the Holy Law be explained before them. But the burden of penance should be put on austerity. . . . He, who interprets the sacred law (for the untouchables) or compels him to do penance or atonement, with that (untouchable) himself will be drowned in the inferno called Asvrit. The untouchables are not given the right to worship, worship, Bhagavatabhajan, kirtan, etc. Brahmins are not allowed to perform puja, shradh and yajna, etc. here.
Restrictions on the editing of religious rites – Untouchables have been considered unholy since birth and for this reason – rites have not been arranged for their purification. Sixteen major rites in religious texts for purification
Is mentioned. The right to complete most of these is not given to the untouchables. They have not been allowed to perform major rituals like Vidyarambha, Upanayana and Chudakaran.
Social Disabilities There have been many social disabilities of the untouchables, the main ones being:
Ban on social contact The untouchables were not allowed to have social contact with upper caste Hindus and participate in their conferences, seminars, panchayats, festivals and celebrations. They have been deprived of food and drink relations with upper caste Hindus. Even the shadow of the untouchables was considered impure and they were not allowed to use public spaces. Due to the possibility of the upper caste Hindus being polluted with their vision, the untouchables had to do all their work at night. In many places in South India, they were not even allowed to walk on the streets. It has been told in Manusmriti that the marriage and contact of the Chandals or the untouchables should be with those who are equal and they should not be given the right to visit the village or city at night.
Restrictions on the use of public goods – The untouchables were not allowed to fill water from wells used by other Hindus, were not allowed to study in schools and stay in hostels. These people were not allowed to use items used by the upper castes. They could not use brass and bronze utensils, could not wear good clothes and gold jewelery. The shopkeepers do not give them food, the washermen do not wash their clothes, do not make barber hair and do not fill the water. He was also not allowed to live in the colony or locality of other upper caste Hindus. It has been told in the scriptures that the place of residence of the Chandals and Shwapakas will be outside the village, they will be ineligible and the dogs and mules will be their wealth. In this regard, it has been said in the Manusmriti that the clothes or old rag of the dead person should be their clothes, the broken pieces of clay should be their utensils, these people keep visiting iron and night. Depriving people of public facilities, not only the untouchables but even the Shudras, the instructions to get education, constitutional arrangements and welfare schemes . They were not given the right to entertain themselves by joining chaupals, fairs and haats. The result was that a large section of the society remained illiterate.
Hierarchy even within the untouchables – A surprising thing is that even among the untouchables, the system of storage i.e. differentiation of high and low is found. These people are divided into more than three hundred upper and lower caste groups, the status of each group is higher or lower than each other. In this regard M . Panikkar states that “the strange thing is that within the untouchables themselves there was a separate organization similar to that of the untouchables… Like the Savarna Hindus, they also had a very high and low status of subcastes, which were superior to each other. She claimed to be
Untouchables as a separate society Untouchables have suffered from many disabilities. About this Panikkar wrote, “The status of these untouchables (the fifth Varna) was worse than slavery in many ways when the caste-system was active in its youth. The slave was subject to at least one master and therefore his own The Swami had personal relations, but the family of the untouchables had the burden of slavery throughout the village. Instead of keeping the individuals slaves, some untouchable families were associated with each village as a kind of collective slavery. ‘ No person belonging to the upper castes could have a personal relationship with any untouchables. ”
Economic Disabilities– The untouchables were entrusted with all the tasks which were not done by the upper caste Hindus. Due to economic disabilities, the economic condition of the untouchables became so pathetic that they were forced to fulfill their needs only with the false food of the Savarnas, torn clothes and old articles. Their economic disabilities are as follows:
Professional Disability – The untouchables were entrusted with the task of lifting feces, urine, cleaning dead animals and making items from their leather. To cultivate them. The right to conduct business or to get a job after getting education was not given. These people mostly work as “landless” laborers in the villages. These people have these disabilities.
It was loaded that they cannot adopt any other profession except their traditional profession.
Property Disability – In addition to commercial disability, they also suffered from property disability. They were not given permission to collect land – rights and money. Manusmriti states, “The untouchable person should never accumulate wealth, even if he is capable of doing so, because a Shudra who stores wealth hurts Brahmins. Elsewhere, it has also been told that a Brahmin can confiscate the property of his Shudra servant by his own will because he does not have the right to own property. The untouchables had to serve their masters as slaves, no matter how little they were given as a reward. Acharya VinobaBhave started the ‘Bhoodan’ movement for untouchables’ property.
Not enough food facilities (economic exploitation) -Untouchables have been exploited economically. They were forced to adopt disgusting and disgusting occupations, and were not given enough in return to have enough food. In return for their important services, the society gave them the remaining false food, discarded items and torn – old clothes. The Hindus considered all this behavior in the name of religion justified and forced the untouchables to remain content with this system. He was told that if he does not follow his duties properly in this birth, the next life will be even lower. Thus the untouchables had to suffer economic exploitation.
Political Disabilities- The untouchables have been denied all kinds of rights in the field of politics. They were not given any right to interfere in any form of governance, to make any suggestions, to get jobs for public services or to obtain political security. Anyone could offend and even beat the untouchables. They did not have protection against such practices. for them . There was also a system of severe punishment for common crime. The discriminatory policy of punishment is clearly mentioned in Manusmriti. _ _ _ _ In this book, it is said that while the law for Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas was sworn in the name of Truth, Arms and Gau respectively, before giving justice to the untouchables. In the form of oath, arrangements were made to walk seven steps with eight fingers long – wide hot iron in hand. The hardness of the substance shows from this that Manu has told that the lower class man (Shudra or untouchable) will be cut off from his limb with which he can hurt the upper class persons. . . . . . . . . He who raises a hand or stick will have his hand cut off. It is clear that untouchables have had many political disabilities. The above disabilities of untouchables are particularly related to the medieval social system.
Currently the problems of untouchables are mainly social and economic and not religious and political. For so long, being deprived of all rights, illiterate and having zero consciousness, it will take some time to improve their condition. People’s attitude towards them will change gradually and over time they will be able to flow into the mainstream of social life. Disabilities of untouchables are getting eliminated in cities, but in rural areas today they are visible. The main reason for this is that grama – the pace of social change is slow, conservatism still dominates there.
Problems Of Scheduled Tribes
Inaccessible habitat is a problem. Unapproach able Habitation – A Problem: Almost all the tribes live in mountainous areas, forests, marshes – land and places where there is lack of roads and the current means of transport and communication is not available there yet. . As a result, contacting them has become a difficult task. That is why they are still unfamiliar with the sweet fruits of scientific inventions and their economic, educational, health and political problems have not been solved. They are also unfamiliar with other cultures. As a result, they have their own Way of Life which lacks comprehensiveness. The problem of communication has arisen due to inaccessible habitat. Road, post office, telegram, telephone, newspaper, radio and cinema facilities have not been reached in these areas, hence their. Modernization has not been done and there is a hurdle in getting the unity of the country tied.
Problem of Cultural Contact (Geographical): As a result of inaccessible geographical habitat, they have not been able to contact modern culture and they are very lagging behind in the current progress. On the other hand, some tribal cultures were exposed to external cultures. This excessive contact has also created many problems. Many reasons are responsible for giving rise to the problems of cultural interaction among the tribals. The interaction of new cultures gave the innocent tribals their own. attracted . But there are differences between primitive and new cultures that they could not adapt to the new. External selfish groups such as traders, contractors and usurers have settled among these people and have given rise to new family tensions, economic problems and physical diseases among them. The new administration contacted them with police officers, administration and forest officers, etc., who have seen the tribals with inferiority rather than looking with sympathy. Presently, many new industries – businesses, mines and tea gardens are being started in the places where the tribal people used to live. As a result, they came in contact with the new industrial and urban culture, but they were unable to adapt with this innovation. As a result new cultural problems were born. Christian missionaries preached their work in the name of service and took advantage of the ignorance and illiteracy of the tribals. Due to the influence of Christian missionaries, many tribals abandoned their culture and adopted Western culture. They began to use English dress, intoxicants, new means of toiletries such as powders, lipsticks, perfumes, oils, etc. and discarded their customs, practices, youth homes, and their ancient fine arts began to decline. Tribal law and justice have been replaced by new law and justice, which do not match their traditional values. Among the external cultural groups that came into contact with the tribals are Hindus. Due to the contact with the Hindus, the practice of child marriage flourished and language problems arose in these people. Thus many problems arose due to the contact with the external cultural groups of the tribals, such as the problem of land system, forest problem, economic exploitation and indebtedness, problem of industrial workers, child marriage, prostitution and occult diseases, language problem, tribal fine arts. Decline of food, problem of food and clothing and problem of education and religion, etc.
Economic Problems -Tribal people are facing economic problems due to the current cultural connectivity and new government policy. Due to the new policy of the land government, cutting of the forests was forbidden, in many areas, hunting and brewing were also banned, which caused the Kagatribals to adopt new methods instead of traditional methods of living. They were prohibited from cutting wood from forests, doing transferred farming and obtaining other items. They were forced to abandon their original residence and work in tea gardens, mines and factories. Now they started working as landless agricultural laborers and industrial workers. Taking advantage of the compulsion of these people, the contractors and industrialists started taking more work from them at lower wages. The conditions of residence and work of these people are also lamentable. They have thus been economically exploited. Earlier, barter was prevalent in the economy of these people, now they became familiar with the currency economy. The traders, drug dealers and usurers took advantage of this and the innocent people were duped. They have become indebted and have either sold or mortgaged their agricultural land to moneylenders. Out of the tribes which are engaged in agriculture, some of them do transferred agriculture. They first set fire to the forests and then work on that land. After a few days, if the land is not cultivable, then in the same place, they also do agriculture. The result is that the erosion of the land increases, the precious wood is burnt in the forests and the yield is also reduced. The economic problem of the tribes is linked to the agricultural problem. They lack agricultural land due to living in hilly areas. Not only this, they also lack advanced animals, seeds, tools and capital, hence agriculture is not beneficial for them.
Social Problems– Due to the interaction of urban and civilized societies, many social problems have also arisen in the tribals. Earlier, marriage among these people used to take place at a young age, but now child marriages have started, which is the result of contact with Hindus. Due to the entry of money economy, now the girl price is also being taken in them. The people of civilized society look down upon the childish youth – houses prevalent among the tribes. The youth was home to the tribals for recreation, social training, providing means to fulfill their economic interests and was the center of education, but now this institution is ending, which has many harmful effects. Taking advantage of the poverty of tribes, contractors, moneylenders, businessmen and employees establish inappropriate sexual relations with their women, causing problems of prostitution and extra-marital sex relations.
Problems related to health Most of the tribes live in dense forests, hilly areas and lowland areas. Many diseases are found in these parts. Many skin diseases occur due to wearing wet and dirty clothes. Malaria jaundice, smallpox, Rohe, indigestion and genitals are also found in these people. There is a lack of hospitals for treatment of diseases, no facilities for doctors and modern medicines. These people are using wild herbs, chandeliers and witchcraft. Most tribals are unaware of the laws of health. They do not even get nutritious food. These people have been using liquor of mahua, rice, palm, jaggery, etc. many Tribes are destroying the population. The main reason for the decrease in the population of the Andaman and Nicobar tribes is the prevalent disease among them.
Problems related to education – Tribes lack education and they are growing up in the darkness of ignorance. Due to illiteracy, they are surrounded by many superstitions, evils and misgivings. The tribal people are indifferent to the present education because this education is unproductive for them. Those who have taken modern education get away from their tribal culture and view their original culture with hatred. Education today does not provide a definite means of subsistence. Hence educated people have to face unemployment. Christian missionaries have done the work of spreading education among the tribes, but their purpose behind this has been to propagate Christianity and convert the tribals. Most of the tribals are able to take primary education only, they are not much interested in higher technical and science education.
Problem of Political Awakening: After independence, all citizens of the country have been given democratic rights and made them partners in governance by the Constitution. Today, representatives from Panchayat to Parliament are elected by the general public. Political parties play an important role in democracy. The traditional political system of tribes was of its own kind, in which mostly hereditary chiefs worked in administration. The rights and kinship conferred in their entire political system had special significance, but today they are familiar with the new political system. They are also aware of their socio-economic problems, they have started exercising their political rights in the context of solving their problems. Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh. His political awareness has yielded bitter results in Assam, Bihar, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. Their relations with administrators, owners and strangers are strained. Political tension and rebellion has arisen in many places. They have demanded an autonomous state. Today they understand that their small number of compulsions have been taken advantage of by exploited groups and exploited by them. There is intense resentment towards this exploitation which continues to flare up occasionally. This political awakening should not take a violent form in future, it worries politicians.
To find out the weakest link (To Find out the Weakest Link) The Commissioner of Scheduled Castes and Tribes has stated in his 1967 – 68 annual report that the problem of tribes is to find the weakest link. The country’s scheduled tribes are poverty-stricken, but there are some tribes that are relatively poor. Similarly, tribes have been neglected, but some tribes have been the most neglected. Therefore, the biggest problem is to find the poorest and the neglected tribe, which is the weakest link among the tribes. Special needs for the development and progress of this weak link should be met and their needs met. The Tribal Commissioner has detected such a weak link in various states. The Baran, Lean, NaiKada and Barli tribes in Gujarat; Baiga, Gound, Maria, Bhumiya, Kamar and Mwasi tribes in Madhya Pradesh; Bhotia, Jansari, Tharu tribes in Uttar Pradesh; The Bhil, Dabhor and Hariya tribes fall under the weakest link in Rajasthan. The problem of weak link tribes is more severe than other tribes.
Problem of Integration – Many differences are found in Indian tribes on the basis of economy, social system, constitutional arrangements and welfare schemes 431 3 Culture, religion and political system. They are different from other people in the country. Today it is necessary that collective efforts should be made by all the citizens to get rid of the specific problems of the country and the tribes. The tribes should consider themselves as separate from other people and connect with the main life stream of the country, only then we will be able to tackle the problems of poverty, exploitation, ignorance, illiteracy, disease, unemployment and inferior health. To deal with these problems, cooperation of various people groups and flow and integration in the mainstream of national life is necessary. For this, minority groups have to be made partners in the economic and political economy of the country and will have to take them along in development plans. Thus the integration of tribes is also a very big problem.
Problems of Frontier Tribes Problems of Frontier Tribes – The problems of tribes residing in the North-Eastern Border provinces are somewhat different from the problems in different parts of the country. China, Myanmar and Bangladesh are close to the northeastern provinces of the country. Our relations with China have not been cordial for the last few years. Bangladesh, formerly known as East Pakistan, has been a bitter enemy of India. China and Pakistan have instigated a spirit of rebellion among the tribes of the border provinces, assisted them with weapons and given shelter to rebel Nagas and other tribes leaders to go underground. Due to education and political awakening, the tribes of the region have demanded an autonomous state. For this, they have organized movements and struggles. Hence the biggest problem today is to deal with the demand for autonomy of the tribes residing in the border areas. – From time to time efforts have been made by the Government of India to solve the problems of the tribes. We will mention them here.
Constitutional Arrangements Regarding Scheduled Tribes
The Fifth Schedule provides for the appointment of a Tribal Advisory Council consisting of a maximum of twenty members, of which three-fourths shall be from the Scheduled Tribes of the State Legislative Assemblies.
In articles 324 and 244, governors have been given privileges in respect of tribes.
There are also some articles in the constitution that Madhya Pradesh. Related to providing special facilities for tribes-areas of Chhattisgarh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, etc. The jobs for these people have application forms and age limit. They are also exempted from duty in educational institutions and some places have been kept safe for them. S
– 93rd Constitutional Amendment (2005) to provide reservation benefits to the backward classes from the untrained caste, tribe and social and educational outlook in private educational institutions (except minority educational institutions) The purpose of various provisions laid down in the Constitution is to bring the tribes at par with other citizens of the country. They have to be integrated and integrated with the main life stream of the country so that they can become partners in the economic and political business of the country. Pandit Nehru was also very interested in the development of tribes. They did not want anything to be imposed on them. He said that we should promote the development of their art and culture, respect their land rights, develop their ability to govern themselves and human character.
The educational and economic interests of scheduled tribes should be protected and they should be protected from all forms of exploitation and social injustice. (Article 46)
– No obstruction should be placed on their admission in government-run or government-funded learners. (Article 29, 2)
Obstructions on the use of shops, public eateries, hotels and places of public recreation should be removed, for which the government bears all or some of the expenditure, or which are dedicated to the public. (Article 15, 2)
– The doors of public places of Hindus should be legally opened to all Hindus. (Article 25b)
– For the representatives of Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, certain seats should be reserved till 25 January 2015 on the basis of population. (Articles 324, 330 and 342).
– If the tribal people are not adequately represented in public services or government jobs, then the government should be empowered to secure a place for them and consider the claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes at the time of appointments in government jobs. (Articles 16 and 335).
For the purpose of welfare and interests of tribes, Tribal Advisory Council and separate departments should be established in the states and a special officer should be appointed at the center. (Articles 164, 338 and Fifth Schedule) (8) Special arrangements should be made for the administration and control of scheduled tribe areas. (Articles 224 and Fifth and Sixth Schedules).
According to Article 244 (2), there is a legislation to establish District and Regional Council for the tribes of Assam.
– Part 6, Article 164 of the Constitution provides for the establishment of tribal ministries in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa in addition to Assam.
Article 46 of Part 4 of the constitution is considered the duty of the state to pay special attention to the advancement of education of tribes and protection of economic interests.
– Legal system to impose reasonable restrictions by the State on the common rights of the people of the Scheduled Tribes to come and go freely in India – to go, live and settle and to buy, keep and sell property. (Article 19, 5).
According to article 275 of the twelfth part of the constitution, the central government will give special funds to the states for tribal welfare and their proper administration.
325 Article of the fifteenth part of the constitution states that no one will be denied franchise on the basis of religion, race, caste and sex.
– In the 330th and 332nd ARTICLES of the sixteenth part, seats have been reserved for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.
– 335th Article assures that the government will secure a place for these in jobs.
– In the 338th Article, the President has arranged for the appointment of special officers for Scheduled Castes and Tribes. This officer will submit his report every year.
Administrative Arrangement Some areas of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan have been ‘Scheduled’ under Article 224 and Fifth Schedule of the Constitution. The Governors of these states report the Scheduled Areas every year to the President. Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram are administered on the basis of the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution. According to this schedule, they are divided into Autonomous districts. There are eight such districts – North Cachar Pahari District of Assam and Mikir Pahari District, Combined Khasi of Meghalaya – Jayantia, Jowai and Garo Pahari District and Chakma, Lacher and Pavi District of Mizoram. Each autonomous district has a ZillaParishad consisting of not more than 30 members. Four of them can be nominated and the remaining are selected on the basis of adult suffrage. This council has been granted some administrative, statutory and judicial powers.
Welfare and Advisory Agencies It is the responsibility of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs to formulate and implement schemes for the welfare of Scheduled Castes and Tribes. In August 1978, a commission was established for Scheduled Castes and Tribes under Article 348 of the Constitution. The commission, made up of one chairman and four members of it, examines the provisions made in the constitution under the Civil Rights Act of 1955, 1955) and suggests appropriate measures for these. Parliamentary Committees The Government of India also appointed three parliamentary committees in 1968, 1971 and 1973 to examine run protection and their welfare in the constitution of Scheduled Castes and Tribes. At present, a standing committee of Parliament has been formed, whose members have a term of one year. This committee consists of 30 members, out of which 2 are drawn from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. Welfare Department in the states Separate departments have been set up for the care and welfare of Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the State Governments and Union Territories. Each state has its own specific mode of administration. In Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha separate ministers are appointed under Article 164 of the Constitution for the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes. In some states, legislative committees have been formed like the Parliamentary Committees like the Center.
Representation in Legislatures: Articles 330 and 332 of the Constitution have reserved seats for the Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the Lok Sabha and state legislatures in proportion to their population. Initially this arrangement was for 10 years, which has been extended to 25 January 2020 under the 95th Constitutional Amendment (2009). This type of reservation has been done by the Parliamentary Act in the Union Territories where there are legislatures. At present, 47 seats have been reserved for Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha and 557 in Legislative Assemblies. Places have also been saved in the Gram Panchayats and other local bodies for the implementation of the Panchayati Raj system.
Reservations in Government Services. 7 of Scheduled Tribes in appointments made by open competition on all-India basis or in other types of appointments. 5 locations have been secured. For the posts of Group ‘C’ and ‘D’ in which appointments are made on local and provincial basis, each province and union territory reserves a proportion of the population of scheduled castes. For Scheduled Tribes also in appointments made on the basis of departmental examinations in Group ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’ and promotion in Group ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, and ‘A’ 7% places have been secured, if no more than 66 -% direct recruitment is made in them. Group ‘A’ comprising 2, 250 Rs. Or, positions have also been secured in promotions to lower paid posts. Several types of relaxation have been given to give representation to the people of the tribes in jobs like relaxation in age limit, relaxation in suitability criteria, relaxation in selection related inappropriateness, relaxation in qualification related to experience and research of Group ‘A’, Scientist And relaxation in technical levels. State governments have also made several provisions in relation to recruitment and promotion of Scheduled Castes in the state services. Appointments of some officers have been made to contact various ministries of the Central Government, which will see if orders have been followed to secure space for them. On 25 February 2007, the Central Government decided to provide reservation to SC and ST candidates for admission to the graduate level medical and dental programs through the All India Entrance Examination from the year 2008.