Unsustainability of small and medium farms and increasing landlessness
Small and medium farmers follow big farmers in new production systems, new cropping patterns and new technology. For some time they do it voluntarily, in the hope that their benefits will be high in return. But this is often done under pressure because the previous infrastructure has been exhausted.
Many small and medium farmers have shifted from the production of coarse cereals to the production of soybeans, new varieties of cotton and oilseeds. Due to this change, the expenses need to be increased significantly.
. Due to reduced availability of planned credit in rural areas, farmers have been forced to take loans from unregulated credit market, whether from traditional moneylenders or new agricultural investment traders.
If the crop fails or the price of the product falls due to the international market, then small or small farmers are completely ruined. The indebtedness and the consequent suicides by farmers in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka have attracted the attention of the media. Whether they commit suicide or not, small and ordinary farmers are rapidly depriving themselves of their land resource base. Detailed N.N. on land holding after 1991-92. s . s . Survey data not available. Nevertheless, the data given on land holdings in the employment and unemployment surveys for the years 1993-94 and 1999-2000 proves to be true.
Only for highly skilled people. there is space . The social service sector of agriculture itself has the potential to absorb additional labor at low productivity and low income levels. Between 1993-94 and 1999-2000, workers out of agriculture moved to the service sector. The service sector also employs labor to a certain extent those who are in agriculture and dare to take the risk of asking for their very small share in the solution base, they face violence and state administration from large farmers, sometimes even To the point of being murdered. It is also worth noting that the entry of capitalism in agriculture has also used and always incorporated the feudal structure. The modern capitalist exploitation of workers has not only left room for caste-system and oppression, but it has also used it to further its interests.
Under the state-supported industrialization of the Indian economy, the agricultural-oriented transition has reached a difficult position. The concentration of resources in both agriculture and industry encouraged industrial growth where there was little employment for workers. Agriculture itself has absorbed unskilled and marginal type of labor force.
The new liberal global order in the 21st century has brought about a qualitative change in the functioning of the non-preventable national economies around the world. The questions related to the agricultural system in India are being resolved through its rigorous process of globalization. The increasing control of agri-trade on the inputs and outputs of agriculture would result in mass elimination of labor force from this sector.
Such a trend is already visible. There is no outside employment for the labor force drawn out of agriculture. The construction industry is unable to absorb even the service sector together. There is no other solution to this situation except radical change in the entire production base. For all of us who are committed to a dignified human existence in an egalitarian society, the question of the agricultural system can be seen only as its upper layer, demanding the support of the oppressed agricultural laborers to overturn the present system. in the form of .
The consolidation of rural production was carried out effectively, which was important for the introduction of modern technology and mechanization. Thus it is necessary that a proper decision is taken in this regard at all India level. In fact, the difference here is so much that according to some scholars it is useless to take the same decision all over India. After a decade, the ‘Green Revolution’ came to the fore, pushing back the issue of land reform.
Green Revolution and the spread of capitalist agriculture When the agricultural system was based on feudal domination, then new technology (high yielding seeds) was introduced. The existence of many small, marginal and landless units enabled the zamindars to accumulate wealth through lease and usury. High land rents and high interest rates created insurmountable obstacles in the development of capitalist agriculture. It is only by technological changes that generate the expectation of a quantitative increase in expected benefits, can the surplus be applied to productive activities.
These changes H.B.V. These are obtained by the combined use of irrigation with seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. The necessary growth in agriculture could be achieved by relying on the rich cultivators and zamindars, it was an authorized view. Accordingly, physical and financial infrastructure was provided to these people. Through the government machinery H. why . v . Seeds, subsidized fertilizers and pesticides were provided. At the same time, favorable market conditions were also created by fixation of minimum prices.
Initially, the spread of the new technology was limited to the irrigated wheat belt states of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. By the mid-1970s, a new discovery was made in rice production and it reached the western states. During the 1980s it spread to the eastern parts of Bengal, Orissa and Bihar etc. It was only in the 1980s that hybrid seeds of cotton, oil and coarse cereals were introduced, thus expanding capitalist production with the spread of new technology to the intermediate states. From the diagram of state wise data on the ratio of hired labor, market trends and capital growth
Agrarian Social Structure and Social Organization of Agriculture 59 It is evident that by the early 1990s, capitalist agriculture had taken over almost all the states.
I had made my inroads. (See Sucha Singhgil and Ranjit Singh Ghamon, Indian Journal of Labor Economics, October, December 2001).
The following effects of the increasing capitalist tendency in Indian agriculture are noteworthy.
Increase in inequality among farmers
, The state has opened new dimensions of opportunities providing benefits to the big farmers. The cultivators and the zamindars themselves took their land back from the lease-market for cultivation. Tendency to take instead of rent grew, especially in those parts where capitalism had established itself. Due to the limited resources, it was not possible for small and middle class farmers to use new technology. There is a lot of literature available on how the Green Revolution increased the centralization of resources and affected the small and marginal farmers.