Urban Social Structures:
A Case Study of Hyderabad/Bangalore
(1) Discuss the case study of Hyderabad in relation to urban social structure
(2) Discuss the case study of Bangalore in relation to urban social structure.
As far as the nature and trend of urban studies in India is concerned, there is an abundance of data on the socio-economic conditions of individual Indian cities. The rapid urbanization in India since 1941 with its concomitant problems has prompted many surveys and research efforts. The Pune study (1945 and 1952) and other similar comprehensive studies conducted by the Gokhale Institute set the pattern for many later studies. The Planning Commission of India through its Research Program Committee sponsored several studies on social and economic conditions in about 22 cities of India. These surveys from different cities form the largest collection of material on individuals
Cities in any developing region. The major impetus to urban studies in India came from UNESCO. In 1952, it sponsored a comparative study of migration to cities in several South Asian countries.
Some of the modern and industrial cities of India like Baroda, Kolkata, Surat, Pune, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Kanpur, Ranchi etc. have been studied by some social scientists under R.P.C. Planning Commission, Government of India.
Case Study of Hyderabad on Urban Social Structure
Hyderabad in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India
is the capital. As of 2010, it is the sixth most populous city and sixth most populous urban agglomeration in India. Hyderabad was founded by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah in 1591 on the banks of the Musi. Today, the borough covers an area of approximately 650 km. The twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad are governed by a single municipal unit, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Hyderabad.
Hyderabad has developed into one of the major centers of the IT industry in India, which has earned it the additional name of “Cyberabad”. Apart from the IT industry, various biotechnology and pharmaceuticals companies have set up their operations in Hyderabad due to its established public sector in Life Science Research and Genome Valley. Banjara Hills and Jubilee Hills in Nagar have the most expensive residential real estate in Andhra Pradesh. The city is home to the Telugu film industry, the second largest in India, known as Tollywood. Situated at the crossroads of North and South India, Hyderabad has developed a unique culture which is reflected in its language and architecture.
Since liberalization in the 1990s, Hyderabad has become one of the major centers of the IT industry. Growth in the IT sector and the opening of the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport led to activity in other economic sectors such as real estate in the 2000s. However, the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 has had a significant impact on construction activity.
Situated on the Deccan Plateau, Hyderabad has an average elevation of about 536 meters (1,607 ft) above sea level. Most of the area has rocky terrain and some areas are hilly. Crops are usually grown in the surrounding paddy fields.
Hyderabad, as a result of the rapid growth of the city along with the merger of 12 municipal circles and cantonments, has become a large cohesive and populous region. Yet many nearby villages are getting a facelift to be merged into the twin cities in the near future.
The city had a population of 3.6 million in 2001, and by 2009 had grown to over 4.0 million, making it one of the most populous cities in India, while the population of the metropolitan area was estimated to be higher.
Hyderabad is a cosmopolitan city whose residents are followers of a wide range of religions, mainly Hinduism (55%) and Islam (41%), but also Christianity (3%) and Sikhism (0.2%) and Jainism (0.2%). There are others including 0.4%). , Many prestigious temples, mosques and churches are located in the city.
Telugu and Urdu are the major languages spoken in the city, while English and Hindi are also widely spoken.
The city is administered by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), which came into existence in 2007 following the merger of 12 municipalities with the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. The GHMC is in charge of the civic needs and infrastructure of the city. Hyderabad is divided into 150 municipal wards, each supervised by a corporator. The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) is the urban planning agency of Hyderabad, India.
Hyderabad is the financial, economic and political capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh. The city is the largest contributor to the state’s gross domestic product.
Corps, State Tax and Excise Revenue. The workforce participation is around 29.55%. Starting in the 1990s, the city’s economic pattern has changed from being primarily a service city to a city with a more diverse spectrum including trade, transport, commerce, storage, communication, etc. The service industry is the major contributor, comprising the urban workforce. 90% of the total workforce. In 2009, Hyderabad was ranked as the second best Indian city to do business in. Hyderabad is known as the city of pearls, lakes and more recently for its IT companies. Products like silverware, sarees, Nirmal and Kalamkari paintings and artefacts, unique Bidri handicraft items, lac bangles studded with stones, silkware, cottonware and handloom based textile materials have been made and sold in the city for centuries.
Hyderabad is a major center for pharmaceuticals, with companies such as Novartis, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Matrix Laboratories, Divis Labs, Lee Pharma, etc. located in the city. Initiatives like Gnome Vale, Fab City and Nanotechnology Park are expected
Creation of comprehensive infrastructure in biotechnology. Like many Indian cities, Hyderabad has witnessed high growth in the real estate business. The retail industry is growing in Hyderabad.
The city has several central business districts (CBDS) spread across the city. There are several major business/commercial districts from the old Charminar area to the new Kothaguda. For infrastructure advancement in the city, the government is building a high-rise business district at Manchirevula near Rajendranagar, with the 450-metre supertall structure APIIC Tower (Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation) at its centre. Also Lanco Hills near Gachibowli presents the tallest structure in India for residential and commercial purpose.
Hyderabad has established itself as a lending destination for the IT and IT-enabled services, pharmaceuticals, call center and entertainment industries. Several computer software companies, software consulting firms, business process outsourcing (BPO) firms, IT and other technical services firms have established their offices and facilities in the city since the 1990s. many fortune 500
Corporates – mostly related to IT or BPO service industry, Microsoft, Oracle Corporation etc. have set up operations in Hyderabad.
Hyderabad is connected to the rest of the country by National Highways – NH-7, NH-9 and NH-202. Like other cities, Hyderabad also suffers from traffic congestion. Many flyovers and underpasses are being constructed in the city to reduce traffic congestion.
Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation operates a fleet of 19,000 buses. Yellow colored auto rickshaws commonly called autos are the most widely used transport service.
Hyderabad has a light rail transport system known as the Multimodal Transport System (MMTS) which provides connectivity between rail and road transport for the convenience of commuters.
University of Hyderabad, NALSAR, NIPER, Maulana Azad National Urdu University etc. are some of the universities located in Hyderabad.
Government of India as a part of its Open Door Economic Policy is focusing on five mega cities namely Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore. The aim is to make these metropolitan centers attractive to foreign development authorities to address some of their research woes and to develop infrastructure such as roads, sewerage and water supply, two important issues cropping up.
- First, given the inherent bias towards big cities in terms of economic resources, infrastructure, commercial activities etc. in the process of Indian urbanization, is it justified to spend huge money on metropolitan centers at the expense of smaller cities and towns? Secondly, the vague knowledge about the state’s handling of the urban sector also raises one to wonder whether the funds will be put to proper use or spent in giving metros a cosmetic face-lift.
A case study of Bangalore on urban social structure.
Bangalore is the capital of the state of Karnataka. It is a metropolitan city. It is a typical multi-functional city.
It is an industrial city set in the middle of a predominantly rural area, it is a commercial, educational, entertainment, health and administrative center. It is situated in the center of Table Land with some hills around it within a distance of 22 miles. It was established as a clay port by Kempegowda in 1537 AD. It first flourished with the construction of temples of Vinayaka, Gavegangadharaswamy etc. The development of the city was mainly due to the British.
In addition to modern modes of transport, commercial, educational and cultural interests all played their part in its development.
Extensions continue to grow and develop today to meet the housing needs of middle class and low income people.
There are many industries in Bangalore like H.A.L., Hindustan Machine Tools, Binny Mills, B.H.E.L. etc. due to its local and other advantages. In addition, it serves as an internal and international center of exchange for various durable and perishable goods traded from all over Karnataka and outside. It is also a cosmopolitan cultural center and the center of all the major cultural activities of the state. It is also a university town.
Therefore, one has to wonder how the city has accommodated its functions within a structural pattern. To an onlooker, the Bangalore strike is, at first sight, an area of confusion and chaos as it does not follow the Burgess controversy or
Any other pattern of development of the city. Its functions were gradually added to it and it is not a planned city as is the modern concept. But this illusion is more apparent than real as careful analysis reveals that it has its own distinct pattern in distribution of population, households, educational and social institutions etc.
The distinguishing factor employed in dividing ecological zones in Bangalore is the pattern of activity, that is, the types of activities people in the zones engage in. On this basis, there are definite clusters of a specific activity such as industrial or cultural spread in different parts of the city.
ACTIVITY AREAS OF BANGALORE :-
Bangalore can be divided into 7 zones – (1) Business Zone (2) Factory Zone (3) Agricultural Zone (4) Cultural Zone (5) Middle Class Residential Zone (6) Retirees’ Residential Zone (7) military area.
(1) Commercial Zone – The center of dominance of commercial activities, communication and transport system is concentrated in the market and princely area of the city. Other parts of the city include the suburban shopping centers that are spread throughout the city today. Mention may be made of the recently developed Jayanagar Shopping Complex which is the supply center of the trade. The area contains warehouses and establishments of large merchants, hardware stores, clothing stores, small workshops, machinery and utensils shops, several hotels, and most of the city’s cinemas. Commercial activity predominates here.
There are two areas in this zone- One is City Market Majestic Area which includes – Arlepet, Manivarthpet, Blepet, Sultanpet, Doddapet, Chikkapet, Kempegowda Road etc. The second is Cantonment Market which includes Tasker Town, Blackpilly, Russell Market etc. Foreign goods abound.
(2) Factory sector – employees of ports and factories, slums, laborers and poor
Are residents of the area.
In this area, huts and dilapidated houses are found around big factories. Industrial production and related activities take place in this area.
This zone includes 7 areas of the city – Zone 1 is located near Lal Bagh, Zone 2 is located near City Market, Zone 3 is located near Magadi Road, Zone 4 is located near Sriramapuram, Zone 5 is located near Tumkur Road Area 6 is the central factory area located in the heart of the city and Area 7 is located at the edge of the cantonment. The city’s various factories and small scale industries and industrial estates are located in these areas, which grew on the space they could find.
(3) Agricultural sector – Agricultural sector is located at the four extremes of the city and is gradually pushed back due to the rapid growth of the suburbs. Residents of Dumlur Duanalli, Apparedipalya in Bangalore East do agriculture and grow paddy. Residents of Jogpalaya, Halsur, Kalenalli etc. in Bangalore North mainly grow vegetables. Besides this, the residents of Munimaranapalya also grow casuarina trees in their farms. The people of Gavipur, Guttali etc grow vegetables in the vast land available with them. These people also do dairy farming and poultry.
(4) Cultural Sector – This sector includes activities related to education, social service and other cultural activities. As we know, Bangalore is the center of higher education and the new center of cultural activities of the state. Various schools, colleges, state cultural activities and cultural auditoriums and socio-cultural associations and institutions are spread across different parts of the city. This zone consists of 6 localities. Sector 1 is located near Basavanagudi and includes the National College, the Indian Institute of Culture and the Gokhale Institute of Public Affairs. Area 2 is near Lalbagh Fort Road and includes Lal Bagh and Victor Hall. Sector 3 is near Vishweshwarapuram and includes Ashokaposhakastabha and Arya Samaj. Area 4 is roughly in the center of the city and includes Central College. Maharani’s College, Mount Carmel College, Engineering College, Institute of Technology, Y.M.C.A. Century Club Museum, Cubbon Part etc. The area is located near 5 Residency Road and includes St. Joseph’s College, BIS.
,
Hop Cotton Girls School etc. Indian Institute of Culture arranges lectures and discussions. Lal Bagh is a pleasure garden. The Town Hall and Rabindra Kalakshetra which fall under Sector 4 are the major cultural halls of the city. Century Club is a prestigious club.
(5) Middle class residential area – It includes various suburbs of the city to some extent which are expanding day by day.
Small business owners, clerical and professional workers, and some middle class residents reside in the area. There are mainly 4 areas in this zone. The first area which lies to the south of Mysore Road includes Vishweshwarapuram, Upparpally, Chiyokkavalli, Kalasipalyam, Channarajpet etc. Sector 2 is located on the north side of Kempe Gowda Road and includes Gandhinagar. Sector 3 is located on the east side of Bellary Road and includes Upparalli, Benson Town etc. The area is located in 4 Cantonment and includes Mclver Town. There is a glut of houses in these areas.
(6) Retired people’s residential area – It includes various suburbs of the city which is growing day by day. These areas have spacious family accommodation and well decorated houses. Retired people and upper middle class people who seek peace and quiet live here. It consists of four sectors which are located in the four corners. Sector 1 is located in the south west end and includes Narasimharaja Colony, Basavanagudi, Shankarapuram, Hasahalli etc. Sector 2 is situated towards the north east of Maharaj Mills and includes Sesharajpuram, Malles Varam, Yeshwanthpur, Gokul etc. The area is located on the north side of 3rd St. Johann Hill. The area is located in 4 Cantonment and includes Mclver Town, Langford Town etc. The area mainly consists of well-planned and spacious single family residences, well-maintained streets, lounge spaces etc., with a suburban shopping complex at its centre.
(7) Military Area – This is a friendly area in Bangalore city. It developed as the British placed a garrison and made it a permanent military camp. Today our defense forces, defense training supply units etc use this area for their activities. However, even today it can be called a foreigner’s territory. This area is included in the entire cantonment area.
In short, the social ecology of Bangalore city can be said that:-
1) The commercial areas are mainly located in the center of the city.
2) Most of the factory areas are located in the western borders and outskirts.
3) Agricultural areas form a green belt around the city.
4) The cultural regions are evenly distributed. Recreational services are concentrated in and around cultural areas.
5) Retired people’s area is located near agricultural areas on three sides of the city.
6) Areas of middle class are adjacent to areas of retirees.
Coming to the present condition of Bangalore, the onslaught of industries and MNCs who are looking to cash in on this growing metropolis for their technical and scientific manpower and cheap labour.
have come down to bring with them all the associated evils. With flourishing trade and commerce and an increasing influx of people, Bangalore today is a far cry from the idyllic city it once was.
History of Urban Sociology in India
Ancient and Medieval Period, Colonial Period,
post independence period
The history of Indian urbanization begins with the development of cities in ancient societies. It tells us about the origin of urban life in India. The ancient Indian urban life began when people started settling down at a particular place and preserving their belongings.
Urban life began in a systematic and permanent manner in medieval India. Medieval urban development was initiated by the kings, Mughal rulers and administrators. Eventually, the study of urban life in the form of ‘urbanisation’ began with the arrival of the British in India. As a history of urbanization, we are trying to understand the development of the city subjectively and objectively. The early people classified and studied rural and urban life comparatively. After independence various scholars of sociology, anthropology and geography studied different cities of India and produced rich research on urban studies.
Development of urban life in ancient India: –
The development of urban life in ancient times probably started from the New Stone Age. There was a gradual transition from the food gathering phase to the food production phase. The invention of fire, agriculture and the wheel, the domestication of animals and the development of a variety of crops brought major changes in the lives of ancient people. Surplus food products, permanent settlements, use of advanced tools and techniques, specialization of occupations laid the foundation for the emergence of model cities in ancient India. The invention of the wheel, the construction of houses, temples, jewelry making, and the guild system marked the beginning of urban life in densely populated areas. Metallurgy, craft works, religious activities, military battles and other special functions brought changes in the life of the city. Such ancient cities were Harappa and Mohenjodaro (now in Pakistan), Magadha and Pataliputra.
Neolithic Revolution and Urban Development
The Neolithic Revolution changed the specialization of tasks in due course. Due to water facility and navigation, all ancient cities were settled on the banks of rivers. It is clear from the diagrams:-
The first cities emerged with military and war activities. Other cities were famous for the residence of soldiers and the protection of weapons. Peasants were forced to supply surplus food items to the soldiers in return for protection from outsiders. The invention of iron, copper and other important metals helped man in the development of cities.
first city
The widespread use of two- and four-wheeled vehicles, advances in boat building, and the introduction of sail allowed for more rapid transportation and urbanization in the ancient world.
It is true that the beginning of human civilization is associated with urban life. The world’s first cities were born along rivers, such as the Nile Tigris, the Euphrates and the Indus. Sumerian cities developed along the waterways of the southern Mesopotamian plains. The river valleys produced good climate, fertile land and water resources. The waterways were used for irrigation and navigation. People in ancient cities had special common granaries for storing food products. Writing helped them to keep various records, tax collection became common practice, architecture, science, mathematics, astronomy and astrology developed and increased for its development
cities. Harappa and Mohenjodaro are the best examples of his various ideas of city planning with roads, walls, drainage, sewage and public bathing systems known as hammam baths. The ancient cities were rich in jewel ornaments, the animals used in war were horses, elephants and camels. 1600 elephants and 6000 horses were reserved in Chandragupta Maurya’s kingdom. However, the quotes of ancient times were characterized by the following features.
- Small in size: Cities were small in size as compared to medieval and modern cities.
- Near rivers: Most of the ancient cities originated near rivers.
- All cities were built with special stones and bricks
- All the cities were political and military beehives.
Urbanization in Medieval India: –
The walls of medieval cities were for military strength and
Such places were the most urbanised. The central area of the city was a large plaza, surrounded by an inner wall with the temple of the city’s deities within it, and the ruler’s palace surrounded by the residences of the administrators. The surrounding areas had houses, gardens and roads. Eventually, the towns came along with the market associations. In other words, medieval cities provided people with material security, prosperity, and efficient government.
Most medieval towns were popular in pre-colonial and post-colonial times. India was ruled by the Nandas, Mauryas, Cholas, Rajputs, Palas, Kadambas, Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas in ancient times and all empires declined and declined by the beginning of the medieval period. They were experts in art, architecture, construction of palaces, mosques and temples.
Most of his buildings and temples are minarets. Medieval cities were zoomed with the development of arts, fine arts, dance, drama and sculpture, temple construction, construction of palaces and forts. There were military houses, espionage houses in all the capital and military cities. ruler and
The governed were dignified, refined in their life and outlook. Making of clothes, making of ornaments, making of weapons were the most sophisticated and important works done in the cities. The Mughals have a great contribution in the development of various monuments and forts. they have built
Cities like Delhi, Agra, Daulatabad, Aurangabad, Allahabad and Ahmedabad. The cities assimilated Greek and Persian culture.
The urbanization of the medieval period is dominated by :-
- Religion and Pilgrimage
- Historical and political city
religion and pilgrimage
India was a multi-religious and multi-ethnic country in the world. All religions flourished in India. They were Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and Jainism. The Hindu religious cities were Kashi, Mathura, Haridwar, Prayag, Ayodhya and Madurai. They focused on religious activities, inviting pilgrims for religious purposes such as worship and divine fulfillment. Kashi Vishwanath Temple was famous in ancient and medieval times. Indian pilgrims from the south and north, and even foreign pilgrims, were visiting Kashi, Haridwar, Nasik, Madurai, Kanchipuram, famous religious centers surrounded by various temples, shops, residences and dharamshalas. Special religious ceremonies, fairs, markets continued to invite devotees from all over the country for many days throughout the year. Muslim pilgrimages like Ajmer Chishti, Mecca and Medina were famous.
Politicians used to consult religious heads in various complicated matters. Astrological education, scholarship in Sanskrit, astrological consultations were common affairs for kings, rulers and administrators. There were many religious teachers to guide in family, political, philosophical and religious matters. Religious education was given to the children in the temples.
Brahmin boys were given education by Brahmin gurus. The guru-shishya parampara continued. Madrasas were established to educate Muslims and propagate Islam. Buddhist stupas, vigrahas and Jain temples and mosques were found in all the cities. Along with religion, architecture was the most important factor for urbanization in the medieval period. Ajanta, Ellora, Agra Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, Charminar, Hampi were singularly important in North, Central and South India. These artistic places were built by the kings and nawabs.
historical and political city
Prayag, Allahabad, Patilputra, Ayodhya, Dwarka, Agra, Delhi, Fatehpur Sikri, Kannauj, Lahore, Dacca, Bidar, Vijayanagara, Bijapur, Kanchipuram, Mysore were great capital and political cities. They were politically important as kings, nawabs and administrators were staying there. Politics dominated in all these cities. Supremacy and submission of rulers, frequent wars, celebration of victory were common.
These cities were famous for rituals and festivals. Every citizen had an important role to play in day-to-day politics. People were happy. Although agriculture was the main occupation, artisans, handicraft workers, merchants were engaged in the works of the city. However, the British defeated all the princely states and united India for their own selfish ends such as trade and imperial, political administration and colonisation.
Nalanda, Takshashila, Vikramashila, Ujjain, Banaras were the great university cities of India which were famous for higher education. Scholars from all over India and even from China, Rome and Egypt were taking education in the cities. Travelers from Rome, China and Italy such as Marco Polo, Hiuen Tsang, Meghanstans left their written documents about prosperous life at different stages of their travels.
Many major cities of the Deccan were Golconda (now in ruins) near Hyderabad, Bijapur known as Gol Gumbaz Nagar, Ahmednagar, Gulbarga, Badami, Kolhapur, Pune, Nagpur, Hampi (now in ruins), formerly known as Vijayanagara was known by the name of For their centuries-old history and culture, art and architecture. Hyderabad known as Charminar Nagar was famous for its colorful march
Kates sell colorful indigenous goods and musical instruments. The Nizams of Hyderabad who built the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad on the banks of the river today maintain the original culture of Telangana and Nizamshahi on the darshan of Hussain Sagar Dam.
Urbanization was well developed in the medieval period, with monumental and palace cities such as Agra, Delhi (Old), Jaipur and Udaipur occupied by rulers and artists of great merit. Qutub Minar, Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort which were built by Mughals are famous and popular not only in India but in the world. Buddhist viharas, stupas and Jain temples were famous in Magadha, Prayag and Ujjain.
Famous cities in South India were Bangalore, built by Kempe Gowda, Mysore Wodeyar’s palace city Mysore, Tipu Sultan’s Srirangapatna and Chennarayanapatnam. Political capitals were combined with Hindu and Muslim culture, where people were more secular. The Cholas, Kadambas, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas were famous for using high quality marble in the construction of temples with gopurams and palaces. Tomb-like formation of spheres and spheres, with smaller ones at the top, arranged to represent colorful flags flying
political relations, the religious and cultural heritage of those rulers and their societies.
There were many opportunities for musicians, singers and painters and artists in the medieval period. Tansen, Birbal, Abul Fazl were great examples among the Navratnas in Akbar’s palace who all
Organized urban life in a civilized way with Gariks furnished.
Urbanization in British (Colonial)
Period (1880–1947)
When Mughal rule was at its height, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish fortress cities in India. The Portuguese established Panaji (Goa) in 1510 and Bombay in 1534. The Dutch established Machilipatnam in 1605 and Nagapattinam in 1658. The French established Pondicherry in 1673 and Chandranagar in 1690. The British established Madras in 1639 and Calcutta in 1690. 1900 Regular westernized urbanization began in full swing across the country.
In the 18th century, Varanasi was the largest city in India, followed by Calcutta, Surat, Patna, Madras, Bombay and Delhi (some names changed). The population of Varanasi was more than 150000. Among these cities, Bombay, Madras and Calcutta were new, which were built in the European style.
The most important cities in the medieval period, particularly famous under Mughal rule, were Agra, Old Delhi, Lucknow, Patna, Gaya, Sikri, Shahjanabad, Ahmedabad, Srinagar, Gaya and Indore. By the beginning of the 19th century, cotton mills in Bombay, jute mills in Calcutta, interlinking of railways, construction of national highways, construction of waterways began to increasingly westernize. The British started trading with all corners of India and the political expansion of their rule ended the medieval urban history and the British started the modern system of urbanization. The history of urban sociology took a turn in the 20th century.
Metropolitan cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras have become major administrative, commercial and industrial cities of India since the beginning of the 20th century. These towns became more urbanized under the British provincial administration. Various buildings and roads were constructed in and around these cities. Ports were developed. With Gothic art came European-style buildings. Various Banks, Administrative Buildings, Police Headquarters, Railways
Circle Office, PWD and Revenue Office are present.
Reserved police, military, naval offices, cantonments and military and naval headquarters and restricted areas were developed. Markets were allowed around such areas. Many shops and establishments have come up in due course. Press and journalism became an important weapon for politicians, writers, social reformers and governments. These offices and printing presses developed in major cities.
Clothing shops, medical stores, schools, colleges, universities, hospitals and dispensaries have opened. In all major cities, the extension area is known as suburban town which is connected to the main city with transport and communication. Movement of people became a common feature. Selling and buying became a routine task for the people. Bombay, Calcutta and Madras (now renamed) have also attracted many political movements.
From 1885 onwards the leaders of the Indian National Congress conducted many of their works, agitations and organizations in these cities. Civil Disobedience Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Quit India Movement were either born in Mumbai or have influenced the masses. Such movements also influenced people in all the cities of India.
By 1911, massive buildings were constructed and in Delhi, the British began their imperial administration, treating it as their official political-capital city. Creation of new D.
Delhi was completed in 1935 with huge buildings, roads, gardens, parliament building and attached administrative blocks. By 1911, the British introduced railways across India and established railway zones. Churches, church towers, church-convent schools have been established in all the important cities of the country.
Urbanization in the post-independence period (1947 onwards)
In the first two five-year plans after independence, under the prime ministership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, development of new economic infrastructure began. This was a bold step by the Government of India for agricultural and industrial development. Professor B. The Planning Commission of India, under the guidance of Mahalonbis, went for rapid development in the field of basic and heavy industries. But the planners didn’t care about the way the city’s development projects
So cities grew in an unusual and systematic way. Thus industrialization, migration, encroachment of government land, development of slums became a common phenomenon in million plus cities like Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Pune, Bangalore and Nagpur.
After India’s independence, urbanization has entered a different phase. There was rapid urbanization during this period, especially in the one lakh and million plus cities. India’s urban population has increased threefold.
The major changes in urban life in the post-independence period are as follows:
(1) Industrialization and migration of rural unemployed and landless laborers to major industrial cities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Delhi, Pune, Nagpur and Bangalore.
(2) New industrial cities were built to absorb the industrial workers.
(3) New capital and administrative cities have been built.
(4) Rapid growth of million plus cities.
(5) Huge increase in slums and pavement houses.
(6) Introduction to the Ministry of Town Planning and Urban Development. It has introduced flexible and rigid rules and regulations on urban development.
(7) Water and electricity supplied.
(8) Drainage, sewage and gutters were constructed.
(9) Health and
Sanitary administration worked to control diseases.
(10) Municipal administration was separated from the state and central governments.
After the partition of India and Pakistan, refugees came from West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). So the Government of India accommodated lakhs of refugees in UP, Gujarat, Punjab and Maharashtra.
Chandigarh was a planned city built under the guidance of the Ministry of Urban Development. Other capital cities were the newly built Gandhi Nagar, Bhubaneswar and Dispur. All the capital cities have got the opportunity of urbanization under various projects provided by the Ministry of Road and Transport, Ministry of Railways and Ministry of Power.
After independence, the Government of India supported all the state governments for industrial development. Notably, more money was allocated and spent on industrialization in the Second Five Year Plan, which has given impetus to rapid urbanisation. Almost all industrial activity was concentrated in major cities such as Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Nagpur and Bangalore. The outskirts of these cities were crowded with slums, tin houses and sheds for human habitation, then a mushroom growth of essential shops and establishments took birth in a short period of time.
Municipal and local administration permitted an increasing number of slums. The slum dwellers were given ration cards, electricity and tap water connections. Goodwill and hooliganism were prevalent in such places to take over government vacant land for residential use, sell it and resell it to others, fueling the growth of slums.
Industrial development started rapidly in the second five year plan. The new industrial towns established were Rourkela, Durgapur, Bhilai, Bokaro, Salem, Bhadravati and Industrial Development Corporations in all districts and corporation towns.
Iron and steel industry, cotton textile, paper, glass and cement industries have provided employment to lakhs of rural people. Urbanization has become an important source of sustainable living for millions of people.
Industrial cities have become the center of attraction, while rural communities are pushing large numbers of workers and semi-skilled workers to the cities. They settled near the walls of industry, pipelines, construction sites. Later they settled permanently in such places. The best example is Kamathipura in central Mumbai, where the British brought Kamathis (construction workers) from Hyderabad to build the city of Bombay. In this way the rural people brought their native culture with them to the cities. Such famous cities are Mumbai, Calcutta, Madras and Bangalore and have become more and more cosmopolitan and cosmopolitan over time.
market network, real estate business, hotel industry, tourism, private and public transport, bureaucracy and all service
Delhi was completed in 1935 with huge buildings, roads, gardens, parliament building and attached administrative blocks. By 1911, the British introduced railways across India and established railway zones. Churches, church towers, church-convent schools have been established in all the important cities of the country.
Urbanization in the post-independence period (1947 onwards)
In the first two five-year plans after independence, under the prime ministership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, development of new economic infrastructure began. This was a bold step by the Government of India for agricultural and industrial development. Professor B. The Planning Commission of India, under the guidance of Mahalonbis, went for rapid development in the field of basic and heavy industries. But the planners didn’t care about the way the city’s development projects
So cities grew in an unusual and systematic way. Thus industrialization, migration, encroachment of government land, development of slums became a common phenomenon in million plus cities like Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Pune, Bangalore and Nagpur.
After India’s independence, urbanization has entered a different phase. There was rapid urbanization during this period, especially in the one lakh and million plus cities. India’s urban population has increased threefold.
The major changes in urban life in the post-independence period are as follows:
(1) Industrialization and migration of rural unemployed and landless laborers to major industrial cities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Delhi, Pune, Nagpur and Bangalore.
(2) New industrial cities were built to absorb the industrial workers.
(3) New capital and administrative cities have been built.
(4) Rapid growth of million plus cities.
(5) Huge increase in slums and pavement houses.
(6) Introduction to the Ministry of Town Planning and Urban Development. It has introduced flexible and rigid rules and regulations on urban development.
(7) Water and electricity supplied.
(8) Drainage, sewage and gutters were constructed.
(9) The Health and Sanitation Administration worked to control diseases.
(10) Municipal administration was separated from the state and central governments.
After the partition of India and Pakistan, refugees came from West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). So the Government of India accommodated lakhs of refugees in UP, Gujarat, Punjab and Maharashtra. Chandigarh was a planned city built under the guidance of the Ministry of Urban Development. Other capital cities were the newly built Gandhi Nagar, Bhubaneswar and Dispur. Ministry of Road and Transport, Ministry of Railways and Ministry of Power
All the capital cities have got the opportunity of urbanization under various projects provided by the government.
After independence, the Government of India supported all the state governments for industrial development. Notably, more money was allocated and spent on industrialization in the Second Five Year Plan, which has given impetus to rapid urbanisation. Almost all industrial activity was concentrated in major cities such as Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Nagpur and Bangalore. The outskirts of these cities were crowded with slums, tin houses and sheds for human habitation, then a mushroom growth of essential shops and establishments took birth in a short period of time. Municipal and local administration permitted an increasing number of slums. The slum dwellers were given ration cards, electricity and tap water connections. Goodwill and hooliganism were prevalent in such places to take over government vacant land for residential use, sell it and resell it to others, fueling the growth of slums.
Industrial development started rapidly in the second five year plan. The new industrial towns established were Rourkela, Durgapur, Bhilai, Bokaro, Salem, Bhadravati and Industrial Development Corporations in all districts and corporation towns.
Iron and steel industry, cotton textile, paper, glass and cement industries have provided employment to lakhs of rural people. Urbanization has become an important source of sustainable living for millions of people.
Industrial cities have become the center of attraction, while rural communities are pushing large numbers of workers and semi-skilled workers to the cities. They settled near the walls of industry, pipelines, construction sites. Later they settled permanently in such places. The best example is Kamathipura in central Mumbai, where the British brought Kamathis (construction workers) from Hyderabad to build the city of Bombay. In this way the rural people brought their native culture with them to the cities. Such famous cities are Mumbai, Calcutta, Madras and Bangalore and have become more and more cosmopolitan and cosmopolitan over time.
Market network, real estate business, hotel industry, tourism, private and public transport, bureaucracy and all service…
Travel; Mega City; Global City
Urbanization, the process by which cities form and grow, is a recent phenomenon. Consider the following facts:
In 1800, 97 percent of the world’s population lived in rural areas of fewer than 5,000 people. By 1850, 2 percent of the world’s population lived in cities of 100,000 or more people. By 1900, 86 percent of the population still lived in rural areas.
In 1950, only two cities in the world had a population of more than 8 million; London and New York. In 2000, there were sixteen such cities and about 300 ‘million-plus’ cities in less developed countries.
In the industrialized world, urban growth has generally slowed, and there is even a retreat from cities. But the less developed world is urbanizing rapidly and 90 percent of population growth will occur in urban areas of less developed countries. By 2020, most of the population of developing countries will live in urban areas.
By 2015, there will be twenty-seven megacities or cities with a population of over 10 million, twenty-two of which will be in the developing world.
In most large cities in the developing world, at least one-quarter of the population lives in absolute poverty, and their numbers are on the rise.
By 2020, two-thirds of Asia’s population is expected to live in urban areas. China has the world’s largest urban population, but India continues to have the largest urban population growth of any country in the world – and India is still 70 percent rural.
By 2015, with a population of 28.2 million people, Mumbai will be the largest city in the world. Tokyo-Yokohama will have 26.4 million. With 17.8, New Delhi will also beat New York with 17.6. Except for New York and Tokyo, the top eight largest cities will be in developing countries.
In 1901, only less than 11 percent of the population in India lived in urban areas, but this percentage had increased to 26.7 in 1991. According to the 2001 census, the urban population in India is 27.78 and there are more than twenty seven crore cities in India. Urbanization in India is due to both ‘urban pull’ and ‘rural push’. Many are pushed out of rural areas due to poverty, lack of employment, caste discrimination and the decline of traditional occupations. Also, lakhs of people are attracted to the city as they look for better opportunities and facilities.