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Barriers to education and mobility

2022 SOCIOLOGY-COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

There are many factors that hinder the mobility of individuals in a social structure, and such factors are referred to as constraints on mobility. Internal constraints can be classified as individuals’ values, aspirations and personality patterns. External constraints are the opportunity structure of the society on which the individual is affected.
1) System of Beliefs and Values: One of the primary barriers to upward mobility is a system of beliefs and values present in the society. Studies have found that lower socioeconomic groups place less emphasis on college education as necessary for progress and advancement and are less likely to allow college education for their children. Furthermore, educational opportunities for the lower classes are very limited, especially in rural areas. Thus, the prevailing value system controls their aspirations and actions. Therefore, they may lag behind the upper classes in relation.
2) Family Influence: Upward mobility is also limited due to family influences. It is found that both occupational plans and aspirations are positively associated with prestige ranking of father’s occupation. If there is a lack of initiative in the family itself, it reflects in

The child’s desire not to break out of the bonds of the family. The child develops a tendency to take up a job that the family wants in the age-old hierarchical system. The child also does not show much interest in education as the parents are not concerned with it, especially in joint families.
3) Individual personality: Traits inherent in a person’s personality structure can also contribute to mobility (or immobility). number of studies
v. shikshaarthiyon ke saas found that achievement motivation, intelligence, aspirations and values are related to mobility. The individual grows to acquire new values in life and thus shape his performance. Those who do well gradually opt for better and higher education, thus a better job prospect and eventually upward social mobility.
Various findings have shown that the strength of achievement motive is clearly related to upward mobility. It may often be the case that young people from the upper strata of society do not need strong personal motivation for mobility. They get better mentorship and a conducive environment where they are encouraged to ‘look upwards in life’ and where they are provided with wise decisions to set up their career.

Women and Education:

The importance of education has been emphasized by several international conventions, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the program of action of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. The Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, recognized that female literacy is important to empower women’s participation in decision-making in society and improve the well-being of families. In addition, the United Nations has articulated the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which include goals for better education, gender equality, and women’s empowerment. The MDGs emphasize the essential role of education in building democratic societies and building the foundation for sustainable economic development. In an increasingly open global economy, countries with high rates of illiteracy and gender gaps in educational attainment are less competitive, as foreign investors seek labor that is cheap as well as skilled. Various global trends present special challenges for women who are illiterate or have limited education. The export orientation of economies and the growing importance of small and medium-sized enterprises create opportunities for women, but

Women need proper education and training to take full advantage of these opportunities. But major challenges remain. Too many people – especially girls – are still excluded from education, and many are enrolled in school but are learning little to prepare them for 21st century job markets. In some countries, access to secondary and higher education that helps create a skilled and knowledgeable labor force remains limited; Even where access is not an issue, the quality of education provided is often low.

Education: A Social Right and a Development Essential
The importance of education has been emphasized by several international conventions, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the program of action of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. The Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, recognized that female literacy is important to empower women’s participation in decision-making in society and improve the well-being of families. In addition, the United Nations has articulated the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which include goals for better education, gender equality, and women’s empowerment. The MDGs emphasize the essential role of education in building democratic societies and building the foundation for sustainable economic development. Education contributes directly to the growth of national income by improving the productive capabilities of the labor force. A recent study of 19 developing countries, including Egypt, Jordan and Tunisia, concluded
oncluded that a country’s long-term economic growth increases at a rate of 3.7 percent each year the average level of schooling of the adult population increases. Thus, education is an important strategy to reduce poverty where poverty is not as deep as it is in other developing regions. According to the United Nations Population Fund, countries that have made social investments in health, family planning, and education have experienced slower population growth and faster economic growth than countries that have not made such investments. In an increasingly open global economy, countries with high rates of illiteracy and gender gaps in educational attainment are less competitive, as foreign investors seek labor that is cheap as well as skilled. Various global trends present special challenges for women who are illiterate or have limited education. export orientation of economies and the growing importance of small

Small and medium-sized enterprises create opportunities for women, but to take full advantage of these opportunities, women need proper education and training.
In addition, the benefits of female education for women’s empowerment and gender equality have been widely recognized:
• As female education increases, fertility, population growth, and infant and child mortality decline and family health improves
• An increase in girls’ secondary school enrollment is linked to an increase in women’s participation in the labor force and their contribution to the household
and national income
• The increased earning potential of women, in turn, has a positive impact on child nutrition.
• Children of educated mothers – especially daughters – are more likely to be enrolled in school and have higher levels of educational achievement.
• Educated women are more politically active and are better aware of their legal rights and how to exercise them

2022 SOCIOLOGY-COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

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