Population Quality: An Introduction
Every country in the world aspires for rapid economic development. To fulfill this aspiration, it is necessary to have two elements in the country, first natural resource and second human resource. In fact, the greatest contribution to economic development comes from human resources, that is, the population available in that country. The goal of economic growth and development cannot be achieved without the active cooperation of the population. Human efforts are required to put natural resources and capital etc. in production work.
Man exploits material resources with his intellectual and physical strength, develops the process of production through innovations and thus paves the way for economic development. Clearly, population is not only a means of economic development but also an end and it plays an important role in development, but in the present time, rapidly increasing population and its low quality have emerged as a major problem, which is considered as a hindrance to economic development. form is being seen. In such a situation, the population should play the role of a contributor, not an obstacle in the economic development, for this it is necessary that along with controlling the quantity of the country’s population, its quality should be increased.
The concept of population quality
Richard T Gill has said that economic development is not only a mechanical process but also a human enterprise. Its result ultimately depends on the human qualities, his efficiency and his attitude. This statement makes it clear that the development of a country is the result of human efforts. Qualified population can lead a country on the path of progress. In fact, the quality of life of the population is taken to mean the quality of life of the individuals and the society. In a broader sense, it is related to the areas of international development, health and politics etc. Naturally, people associate the quality of life of the population with the concept of standard of living, while these two are different concepts. While standard of living is a narrower concept based primarily on income, quality of life is a broader concept. Standard indicators of quality of life include not only wealth and employment, but also poverty-free living with built environment, physical and mental health security, education, entertainment, happiness, leisure time and social relationships. In order to provide quality life to the people in the world, the governments of different countries as well as NGOs and global organizations are making their contribution.
The World Bank has also set the goal of making the world poverty free so that people can get food, clothing, housing, freedom, access to education, health care and employment facilities and improve their quality of life.
Indices measuring the quality of life of a population
The population of any country is its real asset. The basic objective of development is to create an environment for the people in which they can enjoy long, healthy and creative lives. Data is needed to measure the development of human beings. In this context, indices are used to measure the quality of life of the population of a country, out of which two majorly prevalent indices are the first physical quality of life index and the second human development index.
physical quality of life index
The Physical Quality of Life Index (POLI) as an indicator of human development was propounded by the famous sociologist Maurice David Morris in the year 1970. Under this index, a composite physical quality index of life is drawn based on the achievement of three important points of a country.
1. Life Expectancy Life expectancy refers to the average age of living of people. It is an indicator of the health and civilization and economic development of the citizens of a country. 2. Infant Mortality Rate Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children dead per thousand live births before the age of one year. 8 3. Literacy It refers to the number of literate people per 100 persons. Process of Normalization To construct this index, all three indicators of the index (life expectancy, infant mortality rate and literacy) are normalized by measuring them. Since these three indicators are not of the same nature, they are measured separately, e.g. life expectancy in years, infant mortality rate as per thousand live births and literacy as percentage. For generalization, Maurice has assigned maximum and minimum values to each indicator.
Construction of physical quality of life index
The following two steps are completed for the creation of this index:
I Phase Component Indices Construction In the first phase of index creation, three component indices are constructed. In this, different formulas are used to find the achievement level of positive and negative indicators. The following formula is used to find the achievement level of positive indicators i.e. life expectancy and basic literacy rate: Real value – Minimum value Achievement level = • Highest value Minimum value Similarly, find the negative indicator i.e. achievement level of infant mortality rate. The following formula was used to
HIGHEST VALUE REAL VALUE BUDINUS ACHIEVEMENT LEVEL = HIGHEST VALUE LOWEST PRICE II STEP AVGING AN ADVANCE In the second phase of the PQLI construction, the above three components are averaged after creating the individual indices. LEI + BLI + IMI POLI 3 6.5.12 Example for construction of Physical Quality of Life Index (POLI) Let us assume that life expectancy in India is 70 years, infant mortality rate is 50 per thousand and basic literacy rate is 75 percent. With this POLI construction will be constructed as follows: First phase 90 University WE 24 ° C prt sc 21 inserti d
Q e to search 2 Demographics 1 . Life Expectancy Index ( LEI ) 2 Basic Literacy Index ( BLI ) = 3. Infant Mortality Index ( IMI ) = = Stage II :
If the physical quality of life index is high in a country, the quality of life of the people (population) of that country is also considered high. This index is an important effort by Maurice which focuses on three important areas – life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality rate, ignoring GDP and other possible indicators. It is a simple measurement compared to other measures of quality of life. At present its place has been taken by the Human Development Index.
Human Development Index
Human Development Index HDI, commonly used in the measurement of international development, was presented in 1990 by the famous Pakistani economist Mehboob-ul-Haq associated with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and Indian economist Amartya Sen etc. was did . The purpose of creation of this index was to shift the economics of development from national income accounting to people-centred policies. These indices are prepared and published under the United Nations Development Programme.
A Human Development Report is issued by UNDP every year since 1990, in which different countries are ranked on the basis of their Human Development Index. This index is also used to differentiate between developed and underdeveloped countries and to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. According to the Human Development Report 1990, development is not merely the expansion of people’s income and capital, but it is the process of upgradation of human’s functioning, way of working and capabilities. This ideology of development has been given the name of human development. The Human Development Index is based on three social indicators, longevity, educational achievement and standard of living. These identifiers can be expressed as .
1. Longevity or Life Expectancy at Birth Longevity or life expectancy at birth is currently considered by economists to be a minimum of 25 years and a maximum of 85 years.
2. Educational Achievement (Education is done by the following two houses) Measurement of Academic Achievement (i) Adult Literacy Ratio (ALR) Out of 100 persons 15 years of age or above, how many people can read and write simple statements It is called adult literacy rate.
(ii) Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) Gross Enrollment Rate is the ratio of the total population of the country and all the enrolled students. In other words, Gross Enrollment Rate is that part of the total population that is enrolled at a primary, secondary, higher secondary school or a university level. The higher the Gross Enrollment Rate in a country, the higher the quality of life of its population. The following formula is used to find this rate: Number of students enrolled for education Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) = Total Population To find the Educational Achievement Coordinate (EAI), 2/3 weighting is given to the adult literacy rate. whereas the Gross Enrollment Rate is given 1/3rd weightage.
Subsistence Level or Per Capita Real Gross Domestic Product or Income
Through this, the ability of people to buy goods and services, that is, purchasing power or the standard of living of the people, is known. For this the following formula is used: Gross domestic product at constant prices Real GDP per capita = Total population
.1 Construction of Human Development Index ( HDI ) The following two steps are completed for the construction of Human Development Index : I Stage Construction of Individual or Dimensional Indices For the construction of Human Development Index, first of all three indicators (longevity, educational achievement and standard of living or Different dimensional indices of real GDP or income per capita are found. Each dimension has a maximum value of one ( 1 ) and a minimum value of zero ( 0 ). Points to be noted while preparing the personal index Two things must be kept in mind while determining the personal index, first the normalization of the indicators and secondly the calculation of real GDP per capita income.
1. Normalization of indicators is essential for the correct formulation of Human Development Index. That its determinants have the same units of measure of all three identifiers. But all three of its indicators are measured in different units, such as life expectancy in years, literacy as a percentage and Per capita real GDP or income is measured in dollars. To solve this problem, all three indicators are converted into a common unit of measurement. This is called normalization of identifiers. The following formula is used to normalize the indices in the Actual Value Minimum Value Value of the normal indicator = Highest Value Minimum Value
Values set by the United Nations for the formulation of the Human Development Index Table 2 : Minimum and Highest Values of Indicators of Human Development Index Minimum Value Highest Value Life Expectancy 25 85 2 Educational Achievement ( i ) Adult Literacy Rate 096 100% ( ii ) ) Gross Enrollment Rate 096 10096 S40,000 3. Real GDP per $100/capita based on Purchasing Power Parity
2. Calculation of real GDP per capita income It has been told earlier that for the construction of this index, the standard of living is measured by real GDP per capita income, but two amendments have to be made in it. First amendment compares at international level. Per capita income is converted into ruble dollars to make this comparison logical and convenient. For this change of per capita income, purchasing power parity is used in place of the prevailing exchange rate in the international money market. Purchasing power parity rate is the rate that is determined between the currencies of two countries on the basis of purchasing power of one unit of their currency.
For example , in America a group of goods is available for 1 dollar while in India the same group is 10 . If available in Rupees then the exchange rate based on Purchasing Power Parity would be 1 Dollar = 10 Rupees. As a person’s income increases, the Second Amendment, a well-known law of economics, states that as the stock or savings quantity of a commodity increases, the utility derived from that commodity decreases. The same rule applies to currency (dollar). That is, the satisfaction goes down. It gradually becomes zero after a limit that a person’s happiness or standard of living cannot be measured by a variety of parameters of the amount of money a person has, so the United Nations Development Program provides per capita income for indicators of living standards in different countries. The utility received from each next unit of currency in the same way is adjusted for purchasing power parity. Clearly the method does not accept.
For this, it takes into account the central level of small coefficient transformations, such as == log or small multiplier (per capita income in PPPS) • Step II To calculate the simple average of all three indices • standard of living, life expectancy, educational achievement and real per capita After constructing the GDP index separately, the Human Development Index is constructed by taking the simple average of the three indices. The following formula is used to construct it Life Educational Achievement Index — Real Per Capita GDP
determines the mutual order. The index has a minimum value of zero ( 0 ) and a maximum value of one ( 1 ).
Limitations of Human Development Index
The following are the limits of the Human Development Index (HDI):
1. The indicators of the index are life expectancy, literacy rate (educational achievement) and standard of living, all three are basically related to income. In case of high per capita income in a country, the life expectancy, literacy rate and the standard of living are all high. For this reason, countries with high Human Development Index are mostly wealthy countries.
The level of inequalities prevailing in a country is not known through the Human Development Index. It does not help in removing the inequalities found in that country.
3. Human Development Index includes only three indicators, life expectancy, literacy rate (educational achievement) and standard of living, while other important social indicators of human development, maternal mortality, infant mortality rate, nutrition etc. are left out. 6.525 Human Development Report 2013 New Human Development Report has been released by the United Nations Development Program on March 14, 2013, which is based on the data for the year 2012. In this report, 185 out of 193 member countries of the United Nations have been included while 8 countries have not been included due to lack of data. According to the report, Norway (HDI 0.955) ranked first in the world, Australia (HDI 0.938) in second place and USA in third place in the index. (HDI 0.937) while India (HDI0.554) dropped two places to 136th position. India’s neighboring countries Sri Lanka 92, China 101, Bhutan 140, Bangladesh and Pakistan 146 and Nepal 157.
summary
The available population plays an important role in the economic progress of the country. In fact, the development of a country is the result of human efforts. In this context, it is necessary that the quality of population should be increased because quality population can lead a country on the path of progress. The quality of life of the population is taken to mean the quality of life of individuals and societies. Naturally people associate the quality of life of the population with the concept of standard of living, whereas these two are different concepts where the standard of living is a narrower concept which is primarily based on income, the same Quality of life is a broad concept. Standard indicators of quality of life include not only wealth and employment, but also poverty-free living with built environment, physical and mental health security, education, entertainment, happiness, leisure time and social relationships. Governments of different countries as well as NGOs and global organizations are constantly striving to provide quality life to the people in the world. To measure the quality of life, physical quality of life index, human development index etc. are used.