Mortuary: An Introduction

Mortality means: Under demographics, death is considered a major event of life, which leads to a decrease in the size, formation and distribution of the population. In Demography, death is not related to a particular person but to a group of people, which is called death sequence. In fact, death is the result of illness, decline in physical strength and general health status, violence, accident etc. Like fertility rate, mortality rate also has an important place in demographic analysis because population growth depends equally on both fertility rate and death rate. The main objective of mortality is to reduce the size of the population while the purpose of fertility is to make up for this shortfall. Death is a natural process of the end of life. It is an indication of the end of the biological power inherent in the individual.

Demographers see it as a demographic phenomenon rather than as a mystery or divine control. In today’s scientific age with rapid technological change, reducing the death rate is easier than reducing the birth rate. But the death rate can never be reduced to zero, the beginning of registration of death data is not certain. In various preliminary studies, the purpose of collecting these data appears to be religious and economic.
The credit for collecting, categorizing and analyzing death-related data in modern form goes to Captain John Grount of England (1620-1674). His famous work ‘Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in the Index and Made upon the Bills of Mortality’, published in 1662, contained the statistics of the death of some places and their analysis of their causes. The efforts made by John Grount in this regard are considered a milestone in the development of demographics. For this reason he is called the father of demography. The names of Edmund Halley, Richard Price etc. are also taken prominently in the creation of life tables on the basis of birth-death events.

 

 

Features of Mortality

Mortality synonyms have various characteristics such as-
(1) Generally the terms death and death are used interchangeably.
(2) Demographers see it as a demographic phenomenon, not a mystery or divine control.
(3) Death order is not related to a particular person but to a group of people.
(4) Mortality reduces the size formation and distribution of population.
(5) High mortality is an indicator of low development.
(6) The tendency to remain stable in the long run is found in the order of death.
(7) Mortality is also important with population growth. Due to the decrease in the death rate, the country can also increase in terms of population. factors affecting mortality

The various factors affecting mortality in a society or country include the level of fertility, income level, level of public health, level of education, medical facilities and their use, environmental pollution, the effect of epidemics, balanced diet availability, use of intoxicants and harmful substances. Nature of work, housing facilities, density of population, 94 outbreaks of natural mortality etc. are prominent. Measurement Mortality Rates is a comparative study of the pressure of death between two or more countries, regions or times. There are two types of measurement to measure the pressure of death on the population, first, life tables and second, mortality rates, mortality rates can be easily measured through life tables, but in general, there is a lack of life tables in any country. goes .

Therefore, other popular methods are used to measure the mortality rate. Death statistics are usually collected by the death certificate issuing offices where the death is registered. Different types of death rates are calculated on the basis of death scores collected by the respective offices. 9.5 Various Mortality Rates 9.5.1 Total Deaths Total Mortality Rate refers to the number of deaths per thousand population in a year. The following formula is used to calculate this
D T.D.R. = x 1000 P T.D.R. Total death rate D The number of dead in a country in a particular year The total population of the country in that year P For example, if the total population of the country in a particular year is 5 lakhs and out of these 25 thousand people would have died in that year If so, the total death rate would be 25,000 x 1000 = 50 per thousand. 5,00,000 affects the population of a country in a significant way on the birth rate as well as the death rate. In the case of high death rate, the people of the country increase the birth rate to compensate for the high death, due to which the population increases. Due to the development process in India, the death rate is decreasing. In the period 1911-20 it was 472 per thousand. After this there has been a steady decline in the death rate in India. It was 274 in 1941-50 which has now come down to 6.4 per thousand. The main reasons for the reduction in death rate in India are expansion of education and health services, reduction in diseases and epidemics, reduction in superstition, higher standard of living, expansion of means of entertainment, improvement in the condition of women etc.

Crude Death Rate Crude Death Rate

Very simple and convenient of mortality rate,  This is the most popular method of measuring death. To calculate this, the total number of deaths in a particular year is divided by the mid-year population of that year and multiplied by 1000. The following formula is used to calculate it. DC.D.R … x1000 P C.D.R. = crude death rate D – the total number of dead in a particular year, the median total population of that year P = for example, if the median population of a country is 8,00,000 and out of these 40,000 people die in that year. The crude death rate would be 40,000 x 1000 = 50 per thousand per year. 8,00,000 / Crude Mortality Rate is calculated in the same way as Total Mortality Rate. The only difference between these two is that while the crude death rate is calculated on the basis of the mid-year population, the total death rate is calculated on the basis of the total population throughout the year. The crude mortality rate has many properties such as- First, it is a simple method to represent the mortality rate. Second, through this, information about death can be easily given to the general public. Third, the frequency of death can be expressed by just one number. For this reason it is mentioned in various annual issues and statistical publications.

Fourth, it is helpful in comparative study. This allows comparison of deaths between rural-urban, gender-male, different castes, different income groups or different countries.

But it also has various drawbacks, such as- First, it does not take into account the composition of the population. Mortality rates are different in different communities of the population, whereas different communities of the population are included in the calculation of crude mortality. Therefore, it should not be used for comparison. Second, the data are taken from two different sources to arrive at the crude mortality rate. For example, the source of the number of dead is registration, while the population related data is taken from the census. It is not scientifically appropriate to carry out statistical analysis by taking information from two different sources because the information taken from two sources is not the same.

age-specific mortality
The crude death rate only tells the probability of death per thousand persons. It does not take into account factors like age, gender, place of residence, etc. Age Specific Death Rate gives information regarding the death of the residents of a particular place or area in different age groups. Generally, the death figures vary according to age. The pressure of death is more at young age, less at youth and the pressure of death is more in old age population. Therefore, the death rate should be calculated for someone according to age group-group.

Age-specific mortality rate is studied according to age group. For its calculation, it is necessary that we have information about the middle-year population of different age groups and the number of dead in different age groups. To find this rate, the number of deaths in each age group is divided by the median population of the same age group and multiplied by 1000. As a formula, in D / A.S.D.R = x 1000 P A.S.D.R. Age Specific Mortality Rate B / Number of dead in a specific age group Mid-year population of the same age group Pi For example, if the number of people in the age group 10-30 in a city is 10,000 and out of that 500 persons die, So the age-specific mortality rate (for 10-30 age group) would be 500 x 1000 = 50 per thousand per year. 10,000 In the above example, the age specific mortality rate of 10-30 age group has been calculated. Similarly, the age-specific mortality rate of different age-groups is calculated by dividing the entire life span into different age groups.

In age-specific mortality, mortality is measured on the basis of age distribution. It has various properties, such as- first, the death rate is generally not known for each year, but by taking 0-5 or similar age interval, it is known.
Second, it is considered a good measure of death and helps in the construction of a life table, as it gives factual information about the probability of death of a particular group of people at a specific time. Third, the age-specific mortality curve is U-shaped. The reason for this is that children are more likely to die in the early years of life. This possibility decreases with age, i.e. in puberty and increases in later years. It grows rapidly after the age of 60 years. Fourth, the calculation of this rate may be different for men and women. The rates calculated in such cases are called age gender specific mortality rates.

Infant Death Rate

Means first year deaths. This year is an important year influencing the life table because usually the death in the first year is more than the death in any other age year except old age. In its calculation, the number of deaths of infants under the age of one year in a certain year and the specified area is taken in the same year and year Divided by the total number of live births in the area and multiplied by 1000. As a formula, Des LD.R. x1000 B I.D.R = Dos Infant Mortality Rate

Number of stillbirths under the age of one year in a particular year and region B B = Number of live births in the same year and region For example, if a country has 4,000 dead babies in the year 1996 and live births If the number of infant deaths is 80,000 then, Uttarakhand Open University 151 O # + 20 per thousand per year. 180 x1000 18,000
10 per thousand per year. 240 x1000 12.000 = 20 per thousand per year 500 x * X 1000 9,000 55.56 per thousand per year 600 – x 1000 4,000 150 per thousand per year.
4,000 x 1000 = 50 per thousand per year. 80,000

Infant mortality rate and infant mortality rate are generally taken in the same sense, although there is a difference in it. Barclay has tried to explain the difference between them. They believe that in infant mortality, the measurement of death is related to a cohort, whereas under infant mortality rate, live born and dead babies are not related to any cohort but to one year. That is, in the infant mortality rate, the number of babies born in a particular year is divided by the number of babies born in a particular year. It is clear that the year is important in the infant mortality rate, whereas in the infant mortality order, the importance of the co-occurrence is there.

In India, the infant mortality rate is expected to decrease further in the future with the development coming from its highest level of 1593 per thousand live births in the year 1980 to its lowest level of 482 per thousand live births in the year 2010. was developed. In other countries this rate is very low. For example, in the United States in 2010, the rate was 6.15 per thousand live births. Infant mortality rate is divided into two parts on the basis of age, first neonatal mortality rate and second, post-natal infant mortality rate.

 

Neo Natal Mortality Riate

In fact, there is an age-specific mortality rate, under which the mortality rate of infants below the age of four weeks or one month is calculated. For its measurement, the number of deaths of babies below the age of four weeks or one month in a given year and area is divided by the total number of live births in the same year and area and multiplied by 1000. As a formula:
Neo – Natal Mortality Rate = x 1000 = Number of dead babies below the age of 28 days or one month in a particular year and region B = Number of live births born in the same year and area Neonatal mortality rate in India in 1991 47 It was per thousand live births which has come down to 32 per thousand live births in the year 2010.

Post Neonatal Infant Mortality Rate Post Neo Natal Mortality Rate is also a type of age specific mortality rate, under which the death of infants more than one month or first four weeks but less than one year or remaining 48 weeks. of is included. For its calculation, the number of deaths of infants more than one month or first four weeks but less than one year or remaining 48 weeks of a certain year and area is divided by the total number of babies born in the same year and area, from 1000. is multiplied.
More than one month or the first four weeks but less than one year or the remaining 48 weeks B. Number of babies born alive in the same year and area The number of babies who die in the first four weeks, usually, are pre-mature These are due to various bodily and sense-related disorders arising due to births. After the first four weeks, most of the infant deaths in the next 48 weeks are due to poor housing, filth, malnutrition and lack of various facilities etc. Bog believes that the post-natal period is more fatal in terms of infant death. The main reason for this is that the born baby survives on mother’s milk for the first four weeks, so that it remains unaffected by environmental pollution. Therefore, there is less chance of death during this period. But in the second period i.e. next 48 weeks, the infant takes food other than mother’s milk in which impurity is possible. Along with this, the baby also has to face the harshness and pollution of the external environment. Infant mortality rate in the post neonatal period is low in developed countries while it is high in developing countries. The main reason for this is the availability of specialized facilities in developed countries.

Child Mortality Rate Child mortality rate refers to the number of deaths of children below the age of 5 years per thousand live births, in its calculation, children below the age of 5 years in a given year and a specified area. The number of deaths is divided by the total number of live births in the same year and area and multiplied by 1000. As a formula, Do s C.M.R. = …… x 1000 B C.M.R. = Do – 5 Child Mortality Rate Number of dead babies below 5 years of age in a particular year and area B Number of babies born alive in the same year and area Child Mortality rate in India was 238.9 per thousand live births in the year 1960 which year Reduced to 82.7 in 2010

There have been every thousand live births. 9.5.8 Maternal Mortality Rate Female mortality varies with age. Married women are more likely to die due to childbirth in the reproductive age group. For this the maternal mortality rate is calculated.

 

 

Maternal Mortality Rate
Means the childbearing age group (ie, the total population of women in the age group of 15-49 years who died due to child birth or delivery (within the week of delivery).

Maternal Mortality Rate The total number of deaths due to infant birth of women of childbearing age group in a given year and area B Number of babies born by women in the same year and area events of death are included. The maternal mortality rate in India in the year 2010 was 2 per thousand live births. This rate is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. There are many reasons for the high maternal mortality rate in India, such as child marriage, lack of education among women, lack of nutritious food for pregnant women, lack of medical facilities, superstition and social evils, less between the birth of two children. Time lag, neglect of women in society etc.

Life expectancy
Expectancy of Life refers to the age of living. When a child is born in the country, how many years on average he is expected to live, this expectation of survival is called life expectancy or expected age or average age. Life expectancy in a country mainly depends on the mortality rate and the pressure of death on different age groups. Life expectancy is high when death rate is low in a country whereas life expectancy is low when death rate is high. In fact, life expectancy is an indicator of the health and civilizational and economic development of a country’s citizens. Life expectancy throws light on the birth rate and death rate as well as the facilities available to the citizens in a society. The faster a country develops, the higher will be the life expectancy.

Pro . Orginsky’s view is that if you look at the standard of living of a country, then its life expectancy, because there is no better measure than how many years of life a civilization gives to each person. Highlighting the importance of life expectancy, Prof. John has said that the study of longevity is a matter of biology. Demographers are interested in this subject because longevity affects the human group and its structure. There has been a steady increase in the life expectancy in India but this pace has been very slow. The life expectancy of the people in the country was 22.9 years in 1911 which increased to 321 years in 1951 and 59.9 years in 1991. In the year 2009, it has been estimated as 6989 years. In the same year, the life expectancy of men was 6746 years and that of women was 7261 years. Life expectancy in India is also less as compared to developed countries. For example, life expectancy in Japan in 2010 was 8273 years in Canada, 805 years in Australia, 81.44 years in Australia and 78.7 years in America and 79.53 years in England.

It was 67.88 years as an average for the whole world. 9.7 Interrelationship between death rate and life expectancy There is an inverse relationship between death rate and life expectancy in a country. Life expectancy mainly depends on the mortality rate and the pressure of death at different age groups. If the death rate is falling in the country, then in such a situation the life expectancy of the people will increase. Life expectancy is high when death rate is low whereas life expectancy is low when death rate is high. In the last years, life expectancy has increased in various countries of the world including India. The main reason for this is the gradual reduction of the pressure of death. We can also see this with the help of statistics.

The death rate in India was 472 per thousand in the period 1911-20. After this there has been a steady decline in the death rate here. In 1941-50 it was 27.4 which has come down to 6.4 per thousand at present. The life expectancy in the country in the period 1911-20 was 20.1 years. After that it has been increasing continuously. It was 32.1 years in 1941-50 which has now increased to about 70 years. There has been an increase in life expectancy in India but this growth has been slow.

The reason for this is the high death rate due to low socio-economic development here. If more attention is paid to socio-economic development in the country, then life expectancy is likely to increase rapidly. 9.8 Summary Death is considered a major life event that significantly affects the size, formation and distribution of a population. In Demography, death is not related to a particular person but to a group of people, which is called death sequence. Like fertility rate, mortality rate also has an important place in demographic analysis because population growth depends equally on both fertility rate and death rate.

The main objective of mortality is to reduce the size of the population while the purpose of fertility is to make up for this shortfall. Mortality rates are a measure of the pressure of death between two or more countries, regions, or times.

Do comparative studies. To measure the pressure of death on the population, there are two types of measurement, first, life table and second, mortality rates. goes .

Therefore, other popular methods are used to measure the mortality rate. For example, total mortality rate, crude death rate, age-specific mortality rate, infant mortality rate (neonatal mortality rate and post-natal mortality rate), child mortality rate, maternal mortality rate etc. Life expectancy, which refers to the age of living • is an indicator of the health of citizens and of civilization and economic development. There is an inverse relationship between death rate and life expectancy in a country. Life expectancy mainly depends on mortality rate and death pressure at different age groups, life expectancy is high whereas life expectancy is low when death rate is high. World’s including India in the last years. The death rate in the country has been recorded as low. The main reason for this is the gradual reduction in the pressure of increasing life expectancy in different countries of death.