History of Urban Sociology in India
Ancient and Medieval Period, Colonial Period,
post independence period
The history of Indian urbanization begins with the development of cities in ancient societies. It tells us about the origin of urban life in India. The ancient Indian urban life began when people started settling down at a particular place and preserving their belongings.
Urban life began in a systematic and permanent manner in medieval India. Medieval urban development was initiated by the kings, Mughal rulers and administrators. Eventually, the study of urban life in the form of ‘urbanisation’ began with the arrival of the British in India. As a history of urbanization, we are trying to understand the development of the city subjectively and objectively. The early people classified and studied rural and urban life comparatively. After independence various scholars of sociology, anthropology and geography studied different cities of India and produced rich research on urban studies.
Development of urban life in ancient India: –
The development of urban life in ancient times probably started from the New Stone Age. There was a gradual transition from the food gathering phase to the food production phase. The invention of fire, agriculture and the wheel, the domestication of animals and the development of a variety of crops brought major changes in the lives of ancient people. Surplus food products, permanent settlements, use of advanced tools and techniques, specialization of occupations laid the foundation for the emergence of model cities in ancient India. The invention of the wheel, the construction of houses, temples, jewelry making, and the guild system marked the beginning of urban life in densely populated areas. Metallurgy, craft works, religious activities, military battles and other special functions brought changes in the life of the city. Such ancient cities were Harappa and Mohenjodaro (now in Pakistan), Magadha and Pataliputra.
Neolithic Revolution and Urban Development
The Neolithic Revolution changed the specialization of tasks in due course. Due to water facility and navigation, all ancient cities were settled on the banks of rivers. It is clear from the diagrams:-
The first cities emerged with military and war activities. Other cities were famous for the residence of soldiers and the protection of weapons. Peasants were forced to supply surplus food items to the soldiers in return for protection from outsiders. The invention of iron, copper and other important metals helped man in the development of cities.
first city
The widespread use of two- and four-wheeled vehicles, advances in boat building, and the introduction of sail allowed for more rapid transportation and urbanization in the ancient world.
It is true that the beginning of human civilization is associated with urban life. The world’s first cities were born along rivers, such as the Nile Tigris, the Euphrates and the Indus. Sumerian cities developed along the waterways of the southern Mesopotamian plains. The river valleys produced good climate, fertile land and water resources. The waterways were used for irrigation and navigation. People in ancient cities had special common granaries for storing food products. Writing helped them to keep various records, tax collection became common practice, architecture, science, mathematics, astronomy and astrology developed and increased for its development
cities. Harappa and Mohenjodaro are the best examples of his various ideas of city planning with roads, walls, drainage, sewage and public bathing systems known as hammam baths. The ancient cities were rich in jewel ornaments, the animals used in war were horses, elephants and camels. 1600 elephants and 6000 horses were reserved in Chandragupta Maurya’s kingdom. However, the quotes of ancient times were characterized by the following features.
- Small in size: Cities were small in size as compared to medieval and modern cities.
- Near rivers: Most of the ancient cities originated near rivers.
- All cities were built with special stones and bricks
- All the cities were political and military beehives.
Urbanization in Medieval India: –
The walls of medieval cities were for military strength and
Such places were the most urbanised. The central area of the city was a large plaza, surrounded by an inner wall with the temple of the city’s deities within it, and the ruler’s palace surrounded by the residences of the administrators. The surrounding areas had houses, gardens and roads. Eventually, the towns came along with the market associations. In other words, medieval cities provided people with material security, prosperity, and efficient government.
Most medieval towns were popular in pre-colonial and post-colonial times. India was ruled by the Nandas, Mauryas, Cholas, Rajputs, Palas, Kadambas, Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas in ancient times and all empires declined and declined by the beginning of the medieval period. They were experts in art, architecture, construction of palaces, mosques and temples.
Most of his buildings and temples are minarets. Medieval cities were zoomed with the development of arts, fine arts, dance, drama and sculpture, temple construction, construction of palaces and forts. There were military houses, espionage houses in all the capital and military cities. ruler and
The governed were dignified, refined in their life and outlook. Making of clothes, making of ornaments, making of weapons were the most sophisticated and important works done in the cities. The Mughals have a great contribution in the development of various monuments and forts. they have built
Cities like Delhi, Agra, Daulatabad, Aurangabad, Allahabad and Ahmedabad. The cities assimilated Greek and Persian culture.
The urbanization of the medieval period is dominated by :-
- Religion and Pilgrimage
- Historical and political city
religion and pilgrimage
India was a multi-religious and multi-ethnic country in the world. All religions flourished in India. They were Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and Jainism. The Hindu religious cities were Kashi, Mathura, Haridwar, Prayag, Ayodhya and Madurai. They focused on religious activities, inviting pilgrims for religious purposes such as worship and divine fulfillment. Kashi Vishwanath Temple was famous in ancient and medieval times. Indian pilgrims from the south and north, and even foreign pilgrims, were visiting Kashi, Haridwar, Nasik, Madurai, Kanchipuram, famous religious centers surrounded by various temples, shops, residences and dharamshalas. Special religious ceremonies, fairs, markets continued to invite devotees from all over the country for many days throughout the year. Muslim pilgrimages like Ajmer Chishti, Mecca and Medina were famous.
Politicians used to consult religious heads in various complicated matters. Astrological education, scholarship in Sanskrit, astrological consultations were common affairs for kings, rulers and administrators. There were many religious teachers to guide in family, political, philosophical and religious matters. Religious education was given to the children in the temples.
Brahmin boys were given education by Brahmin gurus. The guru-shishya parampara continued. Madrasas were established to educate Muslims and propagate Islam. Buddhist stupas, vigrahas and Jain temples and mosques were found in all the cities. Along with religion, architecture was the most important factor for urbanization in the medieval period. Ajanta, Ellora, Agra Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, Charminar, Hampi were singularly important in North, Central and South India. These artistic places were built by the kings and nawabs.
historical and political city
Prayag, Allahabad, Patilputra, Ayodhya, Dwarka, Agra, Delhi, Fatehpur Sikri, Kannauj, Lahore, Dacca, Bidar, Vijayanagara, Bijapur, Kanchipuram, Mysore were great capital and political cities. They were politically important as kings, nawabs and administrators were staying there. Politics dominated in all these cities. Supremacy and submission of rulers, frequent wars, celebration of victory were common.
These cities were famous for rituals and festivals. Every citizen had an important role to play in day-to-day politics. People were happy. Although agriculture was the main occupation, artisans, handicraft workers, merchants were engaged in the works of the city. However, the British defeated all the princely states and united India for their own selfish ends such as trade and imperial, political administration and colonisation.
Nalanda, Takshashila, Vikramashila, Ujjain, Banaras were the great university cities of India which were famous for higher education. Scholars from all over India and even from China, Rome and Egypt were taking education in the cities. Travelers from Rome, China and Italy such as Marco Polo, Hiuen Tsang, Meghanstans left their written documents about prosperous life at different stages of their travels.
Many major cities of the Deccan were Golconda (now in ruins) near Hyderabad, Bijapur known as Gol Gumbaz Nagar, Ahmednagar, Gulbarga, Badami, Kolhapur, Pune, Nagpur, Hampi (now in ruins), formerly known as Vijayanagara was known by the name of For their centuries-old history and culture, art and architecture. Hyderabad known as Charminar Nagar was famous for its colorful march
Kates sell colorful indigenous goods and musical instruments. The Nizams of Hyderabad who built the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad on the banks of the river today maintain the original culture of Telangana and Nizamshahi on the darshan of Hussain Sagar Dam.
Urbanization was well developed in the medieval period, with monumental and palace cities such as Agra, Delhi (Old), Jaipur and Udaipur occupied by rulers and artists of great merit. Qutub Minar, Taj Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort which were built by Mughals are famous and popular not only in India but in the world. Buddhist viharas, stupas and Jain temples were famous in Magadha, Prayag and Ujjain.
Famous cities in South India were Bangalore, built by Kempe Gowda, Mysore Wodeyar’s palace city Mysore, Tipu Sultan’s Srirangapatna and Chennarayanapatnam. Political capitals were combined with Hindu and Muslim culture, where people were more secular. The Cholas, Kadambas, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas were famous for using high quality marble in the construction of temples with gopurams and palaces. Tomb-like formation of spheres and spheres, with smaller ones at the top, arranged to represent colorful flags flying
political relations, the religious and cultural heritage of those rulers and their societies.
There were many opportunities for musicians, singers and painters and artists in the medieval period. Tansen, Birbal, Abul Fazl were great examples among the Navratnas in Akbar’s palace who all
Organized urban life in a civilized way with Gariks furnished.
Urbanization in British (Colonial)
Period (1880–1947)
When Mughal rule was at its height, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish fortress cities in India. The Portuguese established Panaji (Goa) in 1510 and Bombay in 1534. The Dutch established Machilipatnam in 1605 and Nagapattinam in 1658. The French established Pondicherry in 1673 and Chandranagar in 1690. The British established Madras in 1639 and Calcutta in 1690. 1900 Regular westernized urbanization began in full swing across the country.
In the 18th century, Varanasi was the largest city in India, followed by Calcutta, Surat, Patna, Madras, Bombay and Delhi (some names changed). The population of Varanasi was more than 150000. Among these cities, Bombay, Madras and Calcutta were new, which were built in the European style.
The most important cities in the medieval period, particularly famous under Mughal rule, were Agra, Old Delhi, Lucknow, Patna, Gaya, Sikri, Shahjanabad, Ahmedabad, Srinagar, Gaya and Indore. By the beginning of the 19th century, cotton mills in Bombay, jute mills in Calcutta, interlinking of railways, construction of national highways, construction of waterways began to increasingly westernize. The British started trading with all corners of India and the political expansion of their rule ended the medieval urban history and the British started the modern system of urbanization. The history of urban sociology took a turn in the 20th century.
Metropolitan cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras have become major administrative, commercial and industrial cities of India since the beginning of the 20th century. These towns became more urbanized under the British provincial administration. Various buildings and roads were constructed in and around these cities. Ports were developed. With Gothic art came European-style buildings. Various Banks, Administrative Buildings, Police Headquarters, Railways
Circle Office, PWD and Revenue Office are present.
Reserved police, military, naval offices, cantonments and military and naval headquarters and restricted areas were developed. Markets were allowed around such areas. Many shops and establishments have come up in due course. Press and journalism became an important weapon for politicians, writers, social reformers and governments. These offices and printing presses developed in major cities.
Clothing shops, medical stores, schools, colleges, universities, hospitals and dispensaries have opened. In all major cities, the extension area is known as suburban town which is connected to the main city with transport and communication. Movement of people became a common feature. Selling and buying became a routine task for the people. Bombay, Calcutta and Madras (now renamed) have also attracted many political movements.
From 1885 onwards the leaders of the Indian National Congress conducted many of their works, agitations and organizations in these cities. Civil Disobedience Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Quit India Movement were either born in Mumbai or have influenced the masses. Such movements also influenced people in all the cities of India.
By 1911, massive buildings were constructed and in Delhi, the British began their imperial administration, treating it as their official political-capital city. Creation of new D.
Delhi was completed in 1935 with huge buildings, roads, gardens, parliament building and attached administrative blocks. By 1911, the British introduced railways across India and established railway zones. Churches, church towers, church-convent schools have been established in all the important cities of the country.
Urbanization in the post-independence period (1947 onwards)
In the first two five-year plans after independence, under the prime ministership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, development of new economic infrastructure began. This was a bold step by the Government of India for agricultural and industrial development. Professor B. The Planning Commission of India, under the guidance of Mahalonbis, went for rapid development in the field of basic and heavy industries. But the planners didn’t care about the way the city’s development projects
So cities grew in an unusual and systematic way. Thus industrialization, migration, encroachment of government land, development of slums became a common phenomenon in million plus cities like Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Pune, Bangalore and Nagpur.
After India’s independence, urbanization has entered a different phase. There was rapid urbanization during this period, especially in the one lakh and million plus cities. India’s urban population has increased threefold.
The major changes in urban life in the post-independence period are as follows:
(1) Industrialization and migration of rural unemployed and landless laborers to major industrial cities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Delhi, Pune, Nagpur and Bangalore.
(2) New industrial cities were built to absorb the industrial workers.
(3) New capital and administrative cities have been built.
(4) Rapid growth of million plus cities.
(5) Huge increase in slums and pavement houses.
(6) Introduction to the Ministry of Town Planning and Urban Development. It has introduced flexible and rigid rules and regulations on urban development.
(7) Water and electricity supplied.
(8) Drainage, sewage and gutters were constructed.
(9) Health and
Sanitary administration worked to control diseases.
(10) Municipal administration was separated from the state and central governments.
After the partition of India and Pakistan, refugees came from West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). So the Government of India accommodated lakhs of refugees in UP, Gujarat, Punjab and Maharashtra.
Chandigarh was a planned city built under the guidance of the Ministry of Urban Development. Other capital cities were the newly built Gandhi Nagar, Bhubaneswar and Dispur. All the capital cities have got the opportunity of urbanization under various projects provided by the Ministry of Road and Transport, Ministry of Railways and Ministry of Power.
After independence, the Government of India supported all the state governments for industrial development. Notably, more money was allocated and spent on industrialization in the Second Five Year Plan, which has given impetus to rapid urbanisation. Almost all industrial activity was concentrated in major cities such as Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Nagpur and Bangalore. The outskirts of these cities were crowded with slums, tin houses and sheds for human habitation, then a mushroom growth of essential shops and establishments took birth in a short period of time.
Municipal and local administration permitted an increasing number of slums. The slum dwellers were given ration cards, electricity and tap water connections. Goodwill and hooliganism were prevalent in such places to take over government vacant land for residential use, sell it and resell it to others, fueling the growth of slums.
Industrial development started rapidly in the second five year plan. The new industrial towns established were Rourkela, Durgapur, Bhilai, Bokaro, Salem, Bhadravati and Industrial Development Corporations in all districts and corporation towns.
Iron and steel industry, cotton textile, paper, glass and cement industries have provided employment to lakhs of rural people. Urbanization has become an important source of sustainable living for millions of people.
Industrial cities have become the center of attraction, while rural communities are pushing large numbers of workers and semi-skilled workers to the cities. They settled near the walls of industry, pipelines, construction sites. Later they settled permanently in such places. The best example is Kamathipura in central Mumbai, where the British brought Kamathis (construction workers) from Hyderabad to build the city of Bombay. In this way the rural people brought their native culture with them to the cities. Such famous cities are Mumbai, Calcutta, Madras and Bangalore and have become more and more cosmopolitan and cosmopolitan over time.
market network, real estate business, hotel industry, tourism, private and public transport, bureaucracy and all service
Delhi was completed in 1935 with huge buildings, roads, gardens, parliament building and attached administrative blocks. By 1911, the British introduced railways across India and established railway zones. Churches, church towers, church-convent schools have been established in all the important cities of the country.
Urbanization in the post-independence period (1947 onwards)
In the first two five-year plans after independence, under the prime ministership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, development of new economic infrastructure began. This was a bold step by the Government of India for agricultural and industrial development. Professor B. The Planning Commission of India, under the guidance of Mahalonbis, went for rapid development in the field of basic and heavy industries. But the planners didn’t care about the way the city’s development projects
So cities grew in an unusual and systematic way. Thus industrialization, migration, encroachment of government land, development of slums became a common phenomenon in million plus cities like Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Pune, Bangalore and Nagpur.
After India’s independence, urbanization has entered a different phase. There was rapid urbanization during this period, especially in the one lakh and million plus cities. India’s urban population has increased threefold.
The major changes in urban life in the post-independence period are as follows:
(1) Industrialization and migration of rural unemployed and landless laborers to major industrial cities like Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Delhi, Pune, Nagpur and Bangalore.
(2) New industrial cities were built to absorb the industrial workers.
(3) New capital and administrative cities have been built.
(4) Rapid growth of million plus cities.
(5) Huge increase in slums and pavement houses.
(6) Introduction to the Ministry of Town Planning and Urban Development. It has introduced flexible and rigid rules and regulations on urban development.
(7) Water and electricity supplied.
(8) Drainage, sewage and gutters were constructed.
(9) The Health and Sanitation Administration worked to control diseases.
(10) Municipal administration was separated from the state and central governments.
After the partition of India and Pakistan, refugees came from West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). So the Government of India accommodated lakhs of refugees in UP, Gujarat, Punjab and Maharashtra. Chandigarh was a planned city built under the guidance of the Ministry of Urban Development. Other capital cities were the newly built Gandhi Nagar, Bhubaneswar and Dispur. Ministry of Road and Transport, Ministry of Railways and Ministry of Power
All the capital cities have got the opportunity of urbanization under various projects provided by the government.
After independence, the Government of India supported all the state governments for industrial development. Notably, more money was allocated and spent on industrialization in the Second Five Year Plan, which has given impetus to rapid urbanisation. Almost all industrial activity was concentrated in major cities such as Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Nagpur and Bangalore. The outskirts of these cities were crowded with slums, tin houses and sheds for human habitation, then a mushroom growth of essential shops and establishments took birth in a short period of time. Municipal and local administration permitted an increasing number of slums. The slum dwellers were given ration cards, electricity and tap water connections. Goodwill and hooliganism were prevalent in such places to take over government vacant land for residential use, sell it and resell it to others, fueling the growth of slums.
Industrial development started rapidly in the second five year plan. The new industrial towns established were Rourkela, Durgapur, Bhilai, Bokaro, Salem, Bhadravati and Industrial Development Corporations in all districts and corporation towns.
Iron and steel industry, cotton textile, paper, glass and cement industries have provided employment to lakhs of rural people. Urbanization has become an important source of sustainable living for millions of people.
Industrial cities have become the center of attraction, while rural communities are pushing large numbers of workers and semi-skilled workers to the cities. They settled near the walls of industry, pipelines, construction sites. Later they settled permanently in such places. The best example is Kamathipura in central Mumbai, where the British brought Kamathis (construction workers) from Hyderabad to build the city of Bombay. In this way the rural people brought their native culture with them to the cities. Such famous cities are Mumbai, Calcutta, Madras and Bangalore and have become more and more cosmopolitan and cosmopolitan over time.
Market network, real estate business, hotel industry, tourism, private and public transport, bureaucracy and all service…
Travel; Mega City; Global City
Urbanization, the process by which cities form and grow, is a recent phenomenon. Consider the following facts:
In 1800, 97 percent of the world’s population lived in rural areas of fewer than 5,000 people. By 1850, 2 percent of the world’s population lived in cities of 100,000 or more people. By 1900, 86 percent of the population still lived in rural areas.
In 1950, only two cities in the world had a population of more than 8 million; London and New York. In 2000, there were sixteen such cities and about 300 ‘million-plus’ cities in less developed countries.
In the industrialized world, urban growth has generally slowed, and there is even a retreat from cities. But the less developed world is urbanizing rapidly and 90 percent of population growth will occur in urban areas of less developed countries. By 2020, most of the population of developing countries will live in urban areas.
By 2015, there will be twenty-seven megacities or cities with a population of over 10 million, twenty-two of which will be in the developing world.
In most large cities in the developing world, at least one-quarter of the population lives in absolute poverty, and their numbers are on the rise.
By 2020, two-thirds of Asia’s population is expected to live in urban areas. China has the world’s largest urban population, but India continues to have the largest urban population growth of any country in the world – and India is still 70 percent rural.
By 2015, with a population of 28.2 million people, Mumbai will be the largest city in the world. Tokyo-Yokohama will have 26.4 million. With 17.8, New Delhi will also beat New York with 17.6. Except for New York and Tokyo, the top eight largest cities will be in developing countries.
In 1901, only less than 11 percent of the population in India lived in urban areas, but this percentage had increased to 26.7 in 1991. According to the 2001 census, the urban population in India is 27.78 and there are more than twenty seven crore cities in India. Urbanization in India is due to both ‘urban pull’ and ‘rural push’. Many are pushed out of rural areas due to poverty, lack of employment, caste discrimination and the decline of traditional occupations. Also, lakhs of people are attracted to the city as they look for better opportunities and facilities.
New Sociology